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Silos : Fundamentals of Theory, Behaviour and Design.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 1998Copyright date: ©1998Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (856 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781482271744
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: SilosDDC classification:
  • 633.2/0868
LOC classification:
  • TH4935 .S556 1998
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Disclaimer -- Part One: Silo Flow -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Bulk solids testing -- 2.1 Flow property measurements -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Flow function -- 2.1.3 Application of measured flow properties -- 2.1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2.2 Measurement of the flowability of bulk solids -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Flowability -- 2.2.3 Influences on the measurements -- 2.2.4 Review of known measuring techniques -- 2.2.5 Conclusions, future research -- References -- 2.3 Flow property testing of particulate solids by uniaxial and biaxial testers -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Uniaxial tester -- 2.3.3 Biaxial tester -- 2.3.4 Experimental results from biaxial testers -- 2.3.5 Future research goals -- References -- 2.4 Reflections on triaxial testing, rheology and flowability -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Relevance of cylindrical triaxial shear testing -- 2.4.3 Testing procedure -- 2.4.4 Pressure evaluation on silo walls -- 2.4.5 Characteristic state of a particulate material -- 2.4.6 Rheology of fly ash -- 2.4.7 Flowability index -- 2.4.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 2.5 Wall friction and wear testing -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 The role of wall friction in storage and transport -- 2.5.3 Parameters with influence on wall friction -- 2.5.4 General views on wall friction -- 2.5.5 Measurement of wall friction -- 2.5.6 Research into influencing parameters -- 2.5.7 Wear due to the solid wall contacts -- 2.5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2.6 The relevance of aeration and fluidization -- 2.6.1 Introduction - the relevance for silo design -- 2.6.2 Resistance laws for the permeation of packed beds -- 2.6.3 Fluidization properties -- 2.6.4 Characterization of the flow properties of bulk solids in the aerated state -- 2.6.5 Fluidizing curve.
2.6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2.7 The application of bulk solids testers in industry -- 2.7.1 Solids flow determination -- 2.7.2 Jenike and annular shear testers in an industrial perspective -- 2.7.3 The ideal bulk solids tester -- 2.7.4 Use of non-ideal bulk solids testers -- 2.7.5 Non-consolidated, non-steady-state flow -- 2.7.6 Summary -- References -- 2.8 Classification of bulk solids -- 2.8.1 Identification and symbolization of bulk solids -- 2.8.2 Data base considerations -- 2.8.3 Classification -- 2.8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Flow in silos -- 3.1 Flow patterns -- References -- 3.2 Wall stress distributions in silos with inserts, and loads on inserts -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Background -- 3.2.3 Influence of symmetrically arranged inserts on the wall stress distribution -- 3.2.4 Influence of asymmetrically arranged inserts on the wall stress distribution -- 3.2.5 Vertical insert load during filling and discharging -- 3.2.6 Influence of insert position on the vertical insert load -- 3.2.7 Influence of insert geometry on the vertical insert load -- 3.2.8 Influence of an asymmetric flow pattern on the resulting insert load -- 3.2.9 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 3.3 Inserts in silos for blending -- 3.3.1 Principle of gravity blending -- 3.3.2 Blending internals in the hopper -- 3.3.3 Blending silos with central pipes -- 3.3.4 Blenders with internal recirculation -- 3.3.5 Blenders with multiple blending pipes -- 3.3.6 Operation of gravity blenders -- 3.3.7 Summary -- References -- 3.4 Simulation of blending silos -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Blending silo simulation -- 3.4.3 Summary and further research -- References -- 3.5 Segregation of particulate solids in silos -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Fundamental mechanisms and processes causing segregation -- 3.5.3 Influence of independent variables.
3.5.4 Counteraction of segregation -- 3.5.5 Segregation testers -- 3.5.6 Modelling of segregation -- 3.5.7 Further research -- References -- 3.6 Silo quaking -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Changing flow profile (funnel flow) -- 3.6.3 Large velocity gradient in flowing bulk solid -- 3.6.4 Slip-stick wall friction -- 3.6.5 Flow from small outlets -- 3.6.6 Excitation by feeding -- 3.6.7 Collapsing arches and ratholes -- 3.6.8 Silo noise -- 3.6.9 Summary and future research -- References -- 3.7 Purge bin design requirements -- 3.7.1 Purge bin requirements -- 3.7.2 Solids flow in purge bins -- 3.7.3 Purge bin aeration systems -- 3.7.4 Aeration requirements and limitations -- 3.7.5 Structural design considerations -- 3.7.6 Summary -- References -- 3.8 Flow patterns and velocity distributions in silos -- 3.8.1 Introduction -- 3.8.2 Theoretical and experimental research justification -- 3.8.3 Prediction of velocity profiles and residence times -- 3.8.4 Simple analytical models -- 3.8.5 The future -- References -- 4: Discharge, feeding and metering equipment -- 4.1 Feeders and flow-promoting devices -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Task and function of feeders and flow-promoting devices -- 4.1.3 Application of flow-promoting devices and feeders -- 4.1.4 Feeder design -- 4.1.5 Summary and further research -- References -- 4.2 Discharge of bulk solids from silos - description of discharge systems -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Definitions -- 4.2.3 Selection of a discharge system -- 4.2.4 Assessment criteria for discharge aids and elements -- 4.2.5 Assessment matrix -- 4.3 Continuous feeding of bulk solids -- 4.3.1 General -- 4.3.2 Continuous weighing of bulk solids -- 4.3.3 Gravimetric feeding systems -- 4.4 Level control in silos -- 4.4.1 Level control objectives -- 4.4.2 Level control instruments -- 4.4.3 Evaluation of level control instruments -- 4.4.4 Summary.
References -- 5: Silo fabricator's and system supplier's view -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 PROJECT EVALUATION -- 5.2.1 Fabricator's view -- 5.2.2 System supplier's view -- 5.2.3 Contractor's view -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6: Summary -- 6.1 BULK SOLIDS TESTING -- 6.2 FLOW IN SILOS -- 6.3 DISCHARGE, FEEDING AND METERING EQUIPMENT -- Part Two: Concrete Structures -- 7: Introduction and scope -- 8: Actions -- 8.1 PRESSURE -- 8.2 TEMPERATURE -- 8.3 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS -- 8.3.1 Assessment of differential settlements -- 8.4 EARTHQUAKES -- 8.5 DUST EXPLOSIONS -- 8.5.1 Preliminary remarks -- 8.5.2 Explosive dusts and their characteristic values -- 8.5.3 Ignition sources -- 8.5.4 Protective measures -- 8.5.5 Design pressure -- 8.5.6 Design of structural elements -- APPENDIX 8: ADRAFT OF A GUIDELINE FOR THE DESIGN OF SILO PLANTS AGAINST DUST EXPLOSIONS -- 8.A.1 General -- 8.A.2 Formulae and symbols -- 8.A.3 Application of the design method -- 8.A.4 Design charts -- 8.A.5 Examples -- REFERENCES -- 9: Reinforcement -- 9.1 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT -- 9.2 CRACK CONTROL -- 9.3 PRESTRESSING -- 9.4 INTERACTION OF SHEAR AND TENSILE FORCES -- REFERENCE -- 10: Concreting -- 10.1 SLIPFORM PROBLEMS -- 10.2 CONCRETE SHIELDING -- REFERENCES -- 11: Concluding remarks -- Part Three: Metal Structures -- Foreword -- 12: Overview of metal silos -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 THE BACKGROUND TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN -- 12.3 TEXTS ON SHELL STRUCTURES -- 12.4 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE -- 12.5 DESIGN GUIDES -- 12.6 ADVICE ON METAL SILO LOADS -- 12.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 13: Structural forms of silos -- 13.1 ROLLED STEEL PLATE CONSTRUCTION -- 13.2 STIFFENED PLATE CONSTRUCTION -- 13.3 CORRUGATED SHEETING -- 13.4 SPIRALLY WOUND OR CLOSELY RING-STIFFENED SILOS -- REFERENCES -- 14: Effects of silo loads -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION.
14.2 SYMMETRICAL FILLING AND DISCHARGE -- 14.3 WIND LOADING WHEN EMPTY -- 14.4 NON-SYMMETRICAL FILLING AND EARTHQUAKE -- 14.5 NON-SYMMETRICAL OR ECCENTRIC DISCHARGE -- 14.6 BULK SOLIDS LOADS ON HOPPERS -- 14.7 LOCAL FORCES FROM BRACKETS AND COLUMN SUPPORTS -- 14.8 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND SWELLING OF STORED SOLID -- 14.9 OUT-OF-PLUMB CONSTRUCTION -- 14.10 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15: Cylindrical shells: symmetrical solids loadings -- 15.1 BURSTING FAILURES IN CYLINDERS -- 15.2 BUCKLING OF UNIFORMLY LOADED AND UNIFORMLY SUPPORTED UNSTIFFENED CYLINDERS -- 15.2.1 General -- 15.2.2 Buckling of lap-jointed cylinders -- 15.2.3 Buckling of cylinders with circumferential welded joints -- 15.2.4 Cylinders with circumferential welded joints and internal pressure -- 15.2.5 Buckling of cylinders containing granular bulk solids -- 15.3 CIRCUMFERENTIALLY CORRUGATED CYLINDERS -- 15.3.1 Equivalent properties -- 15.3.2 Plastic collapse -- REFERENCES -- 16: Cylindrical shells: unsymmetrical solids loadings and supports -- 16.1 LOCAL FORCES FROM BRACKETS AND COLUMN SUPPORTS -- 16.2 LOCAL BUCKLING OF CYLINDERS ABOVEDISCRETE SUPPORTS -- 16.3 BUCKLING OF UNSYMMETRICALLY LOADED CYLINDERS:PATCH LOADS -- 16.4 BUCKLING OF UNSYMMETRICALLY LOADED CYLINDERS:ECCENTRIC DISCHARGE -- REFERENCES -- 17: Cylindrical shells: wind loading -- 17.1 WIND LOADING PRESSURES WHEN THE SILO IS EMPTY -- 17.2 INTERNAL FORCES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL SUNDER WIND LOAD -- 17.3 ANCHORING OF SILOS -- 17.4 BUCKLING OF THE SILO WALL UNDER WIND LOAD -- 17.5 RING STIFFENING OF SILOS FOR WIND LOADING -- 17.5.1 Effects of ring stiffeners on internal forces -- 17.5.2 Effect of ring stiffeners on buckling behaviour -- REFERENCES -- 18: Cylindrical shells: other actions -- 18.1 INTRODUCTION -- 18.2 EARTHQUAKE -- 18.3 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE EFFECTS.
18.4 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT EFFECTS.
Summary: Bringing together the leading European expertise in behaviour and design of silos, this important new book is an essential reference source for all concerned with current problems and developments in silo technology.
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Cover -- Half Title -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Disclaimer -- Part One: Silo Flow -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Bulk solids testing -- 2.1 Flow property measurements -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Flow function -- 2.1.3 Application of measured flow properties -- 2.1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2.2 Measurement of the flowability of bulk solids -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Flowability -- 2.2.3 Influences on the measurements -- 2.2.4 Review of known measuring techniques -- 2.2.5 Conclusions, future research -- References -- 2.3 Flow property testing of particulate solids by uniaxial and biaxial testers -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Uniaxial tester -- 2.3.3 Biaxial tester -- 2.3.4 Experimental results from biaxial testers -- 2.3.5 Future research goals -- References -- 2.4 Reflections on triaxial testing, rheology and flowability -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Relevance of cylindrical triaxial shear testing -- 2.4.3 Testing procedure -- 2.4.4 Pressure evaluation on silo walls -- 2.4.5 Characteristic state of a particulate material -- 2.4.6 Rheology of fly ash -- 2.4.7 Flowability index -- 2.4.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 2.5 Wall friction and wear testing -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 The role of wall friction in storage and transport -- 2.5.3 Parameters with influence on wall friction -- 2.5.4 General views on wall friction -- 2.5.5 Measurement of wall friction -- 2.5.6 Research into influencing parameters -- 2.5.7 Wear due to the solid wall contacts -- 2.5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2.6 The relevance of aeration and fluidization -- 2.6.1 Introduction - the relevance for silo design -- 2.6.2 Resistance laws for the permeation of packed beds -- 2.6.3 Fluidization properties -- 2.6.4 Characterization of the flow properties of bulk solids in the aerated state -- 2.6.5 Fluidizing curve.

2.6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2.7 The application of bulk solids testers in industry -- 2.7.1 Solids flow determination -- 2.7.2 Jenike and annular shear testers in an industrial perspective -- 2.7.3 The ideal bulk solids tester -- 2.7.4 Use of non-ideal bulk solids testers -- 2.7.5 Non-consolidated, non-steady-state flow -- 2.7.6 Summary -- References -- 2.8 Classification of bulk solids -- 2.8.1 Identification and symbolization of bulk solids -- 2.8.2 Data base considerations -- 2.8.3 Classification -- 2.8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Flow in silos -- 3.1 Flow patterns -- References -- 3.2 Wall stress distributions in silos with inserts, and loads on inserts -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Background -- 3.2.3 Influence of symmetrically arranged inserts on the wall stress distribution -- 3.2.4 Influence of asymmetrically arranged inserts on the wall stress distribution -- 3.2.5 Vertical insert load during filling and discharging -- 3.2.6 Influence of insert position on the vertical insert load -- 3.2.7 Influence of insert geometry on the vertical insert load -- 3.2.8 Influence of an asymmetric flow pattern on the resulting insert load -- 3.2.9 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 3.3 Inserts in silos for blending -- 3.3.1 Principle of gravity blending -- 3.3.2 Blending internals in the hopper -- 3.3.3 Blending silos with central pipes -- 3.3.4 Blenders with internal recirculation -- 3.3.5 Blenders with multiple blending pipes -- 3.3.6 Operation of gravity blenders -- 3.3.7 Summary -- References -- 3.4 Simulation of blending silos -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Blending silo simulation -- 3.4.3 Summary and further research -- References -- 3.5 Segregation of particulate solids in silos -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Fundamental mechanisms and processes causing segregation -- 3.5.3 Influence of independent variables.

3.5.4 Counteraction of segregation -- 3.5.5 Segregation testers -- 3.5.6 Modelling of segregation -- 3.5.7 Further research -- References -- 3.6 Silo quaking -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Changing flow profile (funnel flow) -- 3.6.3 Large velocity gradient in flowing bulk solid -- 3.6.4 Slip-stick wall friction -- 3.6.5 Flow from small outlets -- 3.6.6 Excitation by feeding -- 3.6.7 Collapsing arches and ratholes -- 3.6.8 Silo noise -- 3.6.9 Summary and future research -- References -- 3.7 Purge bin design requirements -- 3.7.1 Purge bin requirements -- 3.7.2 Solids flow in purge bins -- 3.7.3 Purge bin aeration systems -- 3.7.4 Aeration requirements and limitations -- 3.7.5 Structural design considerations -- 3.7.6 Summary -- References -- 3.8 Flow patterns and velocity distributions in silos -- 3.8.1 Introduction -- 3.8.2 Theoretical and experimental research justification -- 3.8.3 Prediction of velocity profiles and residence times -- 3.8.4 Simple analytical models -- 3.8.5 The future -- References -- 4: Discharge, feeding and metering equipment -- 4.1 Feeders and flow-promoting devices -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Task and function of feeders and flow-promoting devices -- 4.1.3 Application of flow-promoting devices and feeders -- 4.1.4 Feeder design -- 4.1.5 Summary and further research -- References -- 4.2 Discharge of bulk solids from silos - description of discharge systems -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Definitions -- 4.2.3 Selection of a discharge system -- 4.2.4 Assessment criteria for discharge aids and elements -- 4.2.5 Assessment matrix -- 4.3 Continuous feeding of bulk solids -- 4.3.1 General -- 4.3.2 Continuous weighing of bulk solids -- 4.3.3 Gravimetric feeding systems -- 4.4 Level control in silos -- 4.4.1 Level control objectives -- 4.4.2 Level control instruments -- 4.4.3 Evaluation of level control instruments -- 4.4.4 Summary.

References -- 5: Silo fabricator's and system supplier's view -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 PROJECT EVALUATION -- 5.2.1 Fabricator's view -- 5.2.2 System supplier's view -- 5.2.3 Contractor's view -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6: Summary -- 6.1 BULK SOLIDS TESTING -- 6.2 FLOW IN SILOS -- 6.3 DISCHARGE, FEEDING AND METERING EQUIPMENT -- Part Two: Concrete Structures -- 7: Introduction and scope -- 8: Actions -- 8.1 PRESSURE -- 8.2 TEMPERATURE -- 8.3 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS -- 8.3.1 Assessment of differential settlements -- 8.4 EARTHQUAKES -- 8.5 DUST EXPLOSIONS -- 8.5.1 Preliminary remarks -- 8.5.2 Explosive dusts and their characteristic values -- 8.5.3 Ignition sources -- 8.5.4 Protective measures -- 8.5.5 Design pressure -- 8.5.6 Design of structural elements -- APPENDIX 8: ADRAFT OF A GUIDELINE FOR THE DESIGN OF SILO PLANTS AGAINST DUST EXPLOSIONS -- 8.A.1 General -- 8.A.2 Formulae and symbols -- 8.A.3 Application of the design method -- 8.A.4 Design charts -- 8.A.5 Examples -- REFERENCES -- 9: Reinforcement -- 9.1 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT -- 9.2 CRACK CONTROL -- 9.3 PRESTRESSING -- 9.4 INTERACTION OF SHEAR AND TENSILE FORCES -- REFERENCE -- 10: Concreting -- 10.1 SLIPFORM PROBLEMS -- 10.2 CONCRETE SHIELDING -- REFERENCES -- 11: Concluding remarks -- Part Three: Metal Structures -- Foreword -- 12: Overview of metal silos -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 THE BACKGROUND TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN -- 12.3 TEXTS ON SHELL STRUCTURES -- 12.4 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE -- 12.5 DESIGN GUIDES -- 12.6 ADVICE ON METAL SILO LOADS -- 12.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 13: Structural forms of silos -- 13.1 ROLLED STEEL PLATE CONSTRUCTION -- 13.2 STIFFENED PLATE CONSTRUCTION -- 13.3 CORRUGATED SHEETING -- 13.4 SPIRALLY WOUND OR CLOSELY RING-STIFFENED SILOS -- REFERENCES -- 14: Effects of silo loads -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION.

14.2 SYMMETRICAL FILLING AND DISCHARGE -- 14.3 WIND LOADING WHEN EMPTY -- 14.4 NON-SYMMETRICAL FILLING AND EARTHQUAKE -- 14.5 NON-SYMMETRICAL OR ECCENTRIC DISCHARGE -- 14.6 BULK SOLIDS LOADS ON HOPPERS -- 14.7 LOCAL FORCES FROM BRACKETS AND COLUMN SUPPORTS -- 14.8 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND SWELLING OF STORED SOLID -- 14.9 OUT-OF-PLUMB CONSTRUCTION -- 14.10 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15: Cylindrical shells: symmetrical solids loadings -- 15.1 BURSTING FAILURES IN CYLINDERS -- 15.2 BUCKLING OF UNIFORMLY LOADED AND UNIFORMLY SUPPORTED UNSTIFFENED CYLINDERS -- 15.2.1 General -- 15.2.2 Buckling of lap-jointed cylinders -- 15.2.3 Buckling of cylinders with circumferential welded joints -- 15.2.4 Cylinders with circumferential welded joints and internal pressure -- 15.2.5 Buckling of cylinders containing granular bulk solids -- 15.3 CIRCUMFERENTIALLY CORRUGATED CYLINDERS -- 15.3.1 Equivalent properties -- 15.3.2 Plastic collapse -- REFERENCES -- 16: Cylindrical shells: unsymmetrical solids loadings and supports -- 16.1 LOCAL FORCES FROM BRACKETS AND COLUMN SUPPORTS -- 16.2 LOCAL BUCKLING OF CYLINDERS ABOVEDISCRETE SUPPORTS -- 16.3 BUCKLING OF UNSYMMETRICALLY LOADED CYLINDERS:PATCH LOADS -- 16.4 BUCKLING OF UNSYMMETRICALLY LOADED CYLINDERS:ECCENTRIC DISCHARGE -- REFERENCES -- 17: Cylindrical shells: wind loading -- 17.1 WIND LOADING PRESSURES WHEN THE SILO IS EMPTY -- 17.2 INTERNAL FORCES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL SUNDER WIND LOAD -- 17.3 ANCHORING OF SILOS -- 17.4 BUCKLING OF THE SILO WALL UNDER WIND LOAD -- 17.5 RING STIFFENING OF SILOS FOR WIND LOADING -- 17.5.1 Effects of ring stiffeners on internal forces -- 17.5.2 Effect of ring stiffeners on buckling behaviour -- REFERENCES -- 18: Cylindrical shells: other actions -- 18.1 INTRODUCTION -- 18.2 EARTHQUAKE -- 18.3 DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE EFFECTS.

18.4 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT EFFECTS.

Bringing together the leading European expertise in behaviour and design of silos, this important new book is an essential reference source for all concerned with current problems and developments in silo technology.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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