The Roles and Functions of Atrocity-Related United Nations Commissions of Inquiry in the International Legal Order : Navigating Between Principle and Pragmatism.

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The Phenonemon of Atrocity-Related Inquiry -- 2 Delineation of UN Atrocity-Related Inquiry -- 2.1 International Commissions of Inquiry -- 2.1.1 International Legal Plane -- 2.1.2 Ad Hoc Fact-Finding Body -- 2.1.3 Impartiality and Independence -- 2.1.4 Non-Binding Report -- 2.2 Established by the United Nations -- 2.3 Focus on Situations of Atrocities -- 3 Structure of the Book -- 4 Some Words on Methodology -- Chapter 1 Charting the Rise of UN Atrocity-Related Inquiry -- Introduction -- 1 Interstate Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 1.1 1919 Commission -- 1.2 Inter-Allied Commissions of Inquiry -- 1.3 United Nations War Crimes Commission -- 2 'Geneva' International Humanitarian Law Inquiry -- 3 Atrocity-Related Inquiries by International Organisations Other than the UN -- 3.1 League of Nations -- 3.2 Regional Organisations -- 4 UN Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 4.1 Sparse Atrocity-Related Inquiry Practice: 1945-1991 -- 4.2 Proliferation of UN Atrocity-Related Inquiries: 1992 and Beyond -- 4.2.1 Changing UN Dynamics -- 4.2.2 Security Council Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 4.2.3 Secretary-General Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 4.2.4 General Assembly Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 4.2.5 Human Rights Council Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- Conclusions -- Chapter 2 Establishing the Mandate: Mandating Authorities as Architects of Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- Introduction -- 1 Dynamics of Establishment -- 1.1 Institutional Framework Relevant to UN Atrocity-Related Inquiries -- 1.2 State Consent and Cooperation -- 1.3 Selection of Situations -- 1.4 New York/Geneva Dynamics -- 2 Legal Dimensions of Written Mandates -- 2.1 Investigative Focus and Recommendations -- 2.2 Legal Lenses of Analysis.

2.2.1 International Human Rights Law -- 2.2.2 International Humanitarian Law -- 2.2.3 International Criminal Law -- 2.3 Challenges to Legal Lenses of hrc-Led Inquiries -- 2.3.1 Conferral of Competence by the General Assembly -- 2.3.2 Competence Implied from Human Rights Function -- 2.3.3 Competence Developed through Organisational Practice -- 3 Impartiality of Written Mandates -- 3.1 Geographic Parameters -- 3.2 Temporal Scope -- 3.3 Actors under Scrutiny -- 3.4 Prejudgment of Findings -- 4 Appointment and Composition of Commissions -- 4.1 Appointment Processes -- 4.2 Commissioner Independence and Impartiality -- 4.2.1 Emphasis on Independence and Impartiality -- 4.2.2 The Problem of Prior Statements -- 4.2.3 Ensuring Impartiality and Independence in Practice -- 4.3 Commissioner Expertise -- 5 Decisions on Operational Aspects -- 5.1 Scope of Discretion Accorded to Commissions -- 5.2 Provision of Resources and Time Limits -- 6 Principle and Pragmatism in Mandating Authorities' Choices -- 6.1 Turn to International Law -- 6.2 Inquiry to Condemn Atrocities -- 6.3 Inquiry as Building and Releasing Pressure -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3 Mandate Interpretation and Implementation: Commissions as Engineers of Their Roles and Functions -- Introduction -- 1 Interpretation of the Mandate -- 1.1 Geographic Parameters -- 1.2 Temporal Scope -- 1.3 Actors under Scrutiny -- 1.4 Prejudgment of Findings -- 2 Principles Guiding Mandate Implementation -- 2.1 Impartiality -- 2.2 Centrality of Victims -- 2.3 Accountability -- 3 Practical Challenges Informing Mandate Implementation -- 3.1 Resource and Time Limitations -- 3.2 Security Concerns -- 3.3 Lack of Territorial Access -- 3.4 States' Refusals to Provide Information -- 4 Fostering Quality in Methods of Work -- 4.1 Judicial Procedures -- 4.2 Rules of Procedure and Terms of Reference -- 4.3 Standards of Proof.

4.4 Best Practices -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4 Identification of the Applicable Legal Framework -- Introduction -- 1 Identification of Legal Dimensions of the Mandate -- 1.1 Inclusion of Legal Dimensions in Factual Mandates -- 1.2 Conservative Interpretations of Legal Lenses -- 1.3 Broad Interpretations of Legal Lenses -- 1.3.1 Reliance on UN Resolutions -- 1.3.2 Engagement with Concerned States' Views -- 1.3.3 Applicability to the Situation on the Ground -- 1.3.4 Links between Fields of International Law -- 1.3.5 Purpose of Ensuring Accountability -- 1.4 Discussion -- 2 Applicability of International Human Rights Law -- 2.1 Applicability of Human Rights Treaties -- 2.2 Territorial Scope of Applicability -- 2.3 Applicability in Situations of Armed Conflict -- 2.4 Applicability to Organised Armed Groups -- 2.5 Discussion -- 3 Applicability of International Humanitarian Law -- 3.1 Legal Classifications of Armed Conflict -- 3.1.1 Broad Approaches to Conflict Classification -- 3.1.2 Narrow Approaches to Conflict Classification -- 3.1.3 Ambivalence towards Conflict Classification -- 3.2 Applicability to Organised Armed Groups -- 3.3 Applicability to Peace-Enforcement Missions -- 3.4 Discussion -- 4 Applicability of International Criminal Law -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5 Law-Application in the Inquiry Context -- Introduction -- 1 Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- 2 Violations Arising from Lethal Attacks in Armed Conflict -- 2.1 Right to Life in Armed Conflict -- 2.1.1 Interrelationship of ihrl and ihl -- 2.1.2 Interpretation of the Scope of the Right to Life -- 2.2 Assessment of Lethal Attacks under ihl -- 2.2.1 Distinction -- 2.2.2 Proportionality -- 2.2.3 Precautions -- 2.3 Fact-Finding Challenges and Strategies -- 3 Violations Involving Sexual and Gender-Based Violence -- 3.1 Recognition of Violations and Victims.

3.2 Assessment of Violations -- 4 Genocide -- 4.1 Protected Groups -- 4.2 Dolus Specialis -- 4.3 Genocidal Policy or Pattern of Conduct -- 4.4 Caution in Making Findings of Genocide -- 5 Crimes against Humanity -- 5.1 Interpretation of Contextual Elements -- 5.2 Assessment of Crimes against Humanity -- 6 Cross-Cutting Analysis -- 6.1 Focus on Incident-Based Violations -- 6.2 Level of Certainty of Findings of Violations -- 6.3 Rigour of Legal Analysis -- Conclusions -- Chapter 6 Translating Violations to Responsibility Regimes in an 'Era of Accountability' -- Introduction -- 1 Dimensions of Accountability -- 2 Responsibility under International Law -- 2.1 State Responsibility -- 2.1.1 Territorial and Third States -- 2.1.2 Attribution of Conduct -- 2.2 Responsibility of International Organisations -- 2.3 Responsibility of Collective Non-State Actors -- 2.3.1 Organised Armed Groups -- 2.3.2 Corporations -- 2.4 Individual Responsibility -- 2.4.1 Engagement with International Criminal Law -- 2.4.2 Identification of Suspected Perpetrators -- 2.5 Concluding Observations -- 3 Accountability Recommendations -- 3.1 Prosecutions of International Crimes -- 3.2 Restitution and Compensation -- 3.2.1 Recommendations to States -- 3.2.2 Recommendations to Other Actors -- 3.3 Truth-Seeking Measures -- 3.4 Other Measures of Satisfaction -- 3.5 Guarantees of Non-Repetition -- 3.6 Concluding Observations -- 4 Accountability Roles and Functions -- 4.1 Legal Accountability -- 4.2 Moral Accountability -- 4.3 Political Accountability and Accountability Politics -- Conclusions -- Conclusions -- 1 Summary of Findings -- 2 Reflections on Roles and Functions of Contemporary Inquiry -- 3 Back to the Future -- Appendix -- International Instruments -- Multilateral Agreements -- Bilateral Agreements -- Documents of International Conferences.

United Nations Resolutions and Decisions -- Security Council -- Draft Resolutions -- General Assembly -- Economic and Social Council -- Human Rights Council -- Draft Resolutions -- United Nations Commission on Human Rights -- United Nations Atrocity-Related Inquiry Documents -- Reports -- Other Documents -- Other Documents of the United Nations -- Reports of the Secretary-General -- Reports of ohchr and Special Procedures Mandate Holders -- Reports of Other Ad Hoc Bodies -- Internal Rules and Regulations -- Declarations, Principles and Guidelines -- Press Releases and Public Information -- Documents of Treaty Bodies -- State Communications -- Miscellaneous -- Documents of Other International Bodies -- League of Nations -- African Union -- Council of Europe -- European Union -- League of Arab States -- Organization of American States -- International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc) -- International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (ihffc) -- Miscellaneous -- Jurisprudence -- International Court of Justice -- International Criminal Court -- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- Other Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals -- European Court of Human Rights -- Inter-American Court and Commission of Human Rights -- Domestic Case Law -- Domestic Legislation -- Documents and Statements by States -- Secondary Sources -- Texts and Book Chapters -- Journal Articles -- Working Papers -- Doctoral Theses -- Law Blogs -- Publications by Non-Governmental Organisations -- News Media -- Miscellaneous Internet-Based Resources -- Bibliography -- International Instruments -- Multilateral Agreements -- Bilateral Agreements -- Documents of International Conferences -- United Nations Resolutions and Decisions -- Security Council -- Draft Resolutions -- General Assembly -- Economic and Social Council.

Human Rights Council.

In The Roles and Functions of Atrocity-Related United Nations Commissions of Inquiry in the International Legal Order, Catherine Harwood explores how United Nations inquiries navigate considerations of principle and pragmatism to discern their identity in the international legal order.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.