Reversing Field : Examining Commercialization, Labor, Gender, and Race in 21st Century Sports Law.

Front Cover -- Cover Flaps -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Endnotes -- The Interconnectivity of Sports to Commercialization, Labor, and Race -- Endnotes -- Part I: Commercialization -- Overview -- Endnotes -- More Lightning and Less Thunder -- I. Introduction -- II. Academic Reform -- III. Commercialism -- IV. Diversity -- V. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- The Value and Perils of Intercollegiate Athletics -- Endnotes -- Exploring the Commercialized Arms Race Metaphor -- I. Commercial Arms Race in Intercollegiate Athletics -- II. Militaristic Metaphor -- Arms Control -- B. Impact on African American Communities -- C. Collateral Damage -- D. University Faculty -- III. An Educational Arms Race -- IV. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Describing Racism as Asymmetrical Market Imperfections, or How to Determine Whether the NBA Dress Code is Racist -- I. Introduction -- II. The NBA Dress Code -- III. Racism as Moral Injustice -- IV. Racism as Discrimination -- V. Racism as White Supremacy -- VI. Racism as Asymmetrical Market Imperfections -- VII. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Athletes as Television Celebrities -- I. Introduction -- II. Why We Watch -- A. Athleticism -- B. Athlete's Heart -- C. Entertainment Value -- III. How They Benefit -- A. Opportunities -- B. Publicity Rights -- C. The Women: Benefit or Burden? -- D. Other Burdens -- 1. Violations of Privacy -- 2. Fighting Actions -- 3. Financial Difficulties -- IV. Must They Be Responsible? -- A. Amateur Athletes -- B. Professional Associations -- 1. Dress Codes -- 2. Age Restrictions -- 3. Corporate Endorsements -- V. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Part II: Labor -- Overview -- Endnotes -- Introduction to Balls or Strikes -- Endnotes -- The 1994-'95 Baseball Strike and National Labor Relations Board -- The Strike and NLRB Aftermath -- Endnotes.

1994 Baseball Player's Strike -- Endnotes -- The State of Sports Law and Policy -- Endnotes -- False/Positives: Debating the Merits of Drug Testing -- The Temptation ofPerformance-Enhancing Drugs -- I. Introduction -- II. Steroids and Human Growth Hormone -- III. The Temptation -- IV. The Law -- V. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Performance-Enhancing Drugs and How They Affect Today's Athlete -- I. Introduction -- II. Athletes, Heat Stroke, and Performance-Enhancing Drugs -- III. Steroid Development and Use -- IV. Steroid Use, Effects, and Dangers -- V. Athletes, Steroids, and Brain Damage -- VI. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- From Barry Bonds to USADA -- I. Introduction -- II. Testing for Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports -- III. USADA's Review Board -- IV. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Challenging the Premise of Steroid Testing in Sports -- I. The Premise for Drug Testing Athletes -- II. Challenging the Premise and the Remedy: Strict Liability Is An Unfair Standard -- Background: The BALCO Affair -- The Players' Argument -- Convicted By Public Sentiment -- III. The Players Should Not Bear the Burden of Steroid Testing Programs thatRely On Unreliable Standards -- A. The Slippery Slope -- B. A Standard That Ignores Reality -- C. A Double Standard -- IV. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Part III: Finding Equal Footing -- Overview -- The Invisible Pregnant Athlete andthe Promise of Title IX -- I. Introduction -- II. The Neglect of Pregnancy as a Sex Equality Issue In Sports -- A. The Significance of Pregnancy in Sports -- B. Explaining the Neglect -- III. Title IX's Response: Straddling the Equal Treatment/Special Treatment Divide -- A. The Statute and Regulations -- B. The 2007 OCR Letter and the Rights of Pregnant Athletes -- C. On Having it Both Ways: Equal Treatment and Special Treatment -- D. Legal Hurdles to Using Title IX to Protect Pregnant Athletes.

IV. The Limits of Success and the Challenges That Remain -- A. Escaping the "Irresponsible Reproduction" Discourses: Title IX's Mixed Legacy -- B. The Commercial Model of Elite Intercollegiate Athletics and Its Resistanceto Change -- C. The Missing Link: Male Athletes' Responsibility -- D. Pregnant High School Athletes -- E. Turning Rights into Reality: The Need for Greater Awareness -- V. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Title IX Backlash andIntercollegiate Athletics -- I. Introduction -- II. Title IX Basics -- III. Rhetoric in the War against Title IX -- A. Women Are Not as Interested in Sports as Men: The Relative Interest Argument -- B. The "Quota" Argument -- C. Adding Women's Teams Forces Schools to Cut Men's Teams -- D. Lack of Funding and Budget Cuts Force Schools to Cut Men's Teams to Comply with Title IX -- E. The Football Exemption -- F. Reverse Discrimination -- IV. Erosion of Title IX Protections by the U.S. Department of Education -- A. Commission on Opportunity in Athletics -- B. Additional Clarification and E-mail Survey -- C. Lack of OCR Investigation -- V. Title IX Backlash and the Courts -- VI. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Reflections of a Former Athlete as a Young Woman -- Endnotes -- Girls Can Play, Too -- I. Introduction -- II. Gender Inequity -- A. Where are the Women? -- B. Title IX's Failure To Promote Female Athletics Administrators -- C. Commercialization of College Athletics -- D. Benefits of Female Leadership -- III. Parallel Problems and the Rooney Rule -- A. Racial Problem and Adoption of the Rooney Rule -- B. NCAA -- IV. Parallels -- V. Solutions: Title VII Lawsuit or Legislation? -- VI. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Part IV: Race Issues in Sports -- A Troubling History but a Bright Future -- Endnotes -- The Continuing Dilemma -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Racism in Sports.

III. Athletic Superiority Versus Intellectual Inferiority -- IV. Media Racism -- V. Education -- VI. Hiring -- VII. Personal Responsibility -- VIII. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Racing From the Past: Exposing Racism in Today's Collegiate Athletics -- The Legacy of Brown -- I. Introduction -- II. Racing from the Past: Early African American Sport Pioneers and Scholars -- III. African American Athletes and the Civil Rights Movement -- IV. Playing Positions and Subsequent Social Mobility -- V. Integration of Sports on the West Virginia University Campus -- VI. Racism, Sexism, and Sport Social Mobility -- VII. Sports and Race Relations -- VIII. Summary and Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Using Social Psychology to EvaluateRace and Law in Sports -- I. Introduction -- II. Attitudes and Cognitive Biases -- III. Possible Implicit Attitudes among Referees and Umpires -- IV. Mental Performance Under Stress and Stereotype Threat -- V. The Role of Law -- VI. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- From the Inside Looking Out -- Endnotes -- Progress Realized? -- I. Introduction -- II. Halting Progress -- A. Mascot and Moniker Changes -- B. NCAA Policy Promulgation -- C. United States Commission on Civil Rights -- D. Harjo v. Washington Football Club -- E. McBride v. Motor Vehicle Division of the Utah State Tax Commission -- III. Slipping -- A. NCAA Appeal Process -- B. North Dakota Fighting Sioux -- C. University of Illinois - Chief Illiniwek -- D. Professional Sports Franchises -- IV. CONCLUSION -- Endnotes -- Professional Equality: The Rooney Rule -- Endnotes -- Minorities Are Separate and Unequal -- I. Introduction -- II. Minority Head Coach Statistics -- III. Black Coaches and Administrators Ponder a Title VII Lawsuit -- IV. Athletic Directors Association Adopts Best Practices -- Endnotes -- The Changing Landscape of African Americans in Sports -- Endnotes.

The Critical Role of the Fritz Pollard Alliance -- Endnotes -- The Fritz Pollard Alliance, the Rooney Rule, and the Quest to "Level the Playing Field" in the National Football League -- I. Introduction -- II. A History of Racial Exclusion -- A. Fritz Pollard and the NFL's Initial Racial Expulsion -- B. The NFL's Re-integration -- III. The Plight of the Black NFL Head Coach -- IV. The Campaign to Change the NFL -- A. Crafting the Rooney Rule -- B. The Birth of an Alliance -- V. The Rooney Rule: Applied -- VI. Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Pushing Weight -- I. Introduction -- II. Conflation of Powerful Legal Personalities -- A. Johnnie Cochran -- B. Cyrus Mehri -- C. Paul Tagliabue -- III. The Rooney Rule -- A. Evolution -- B. In Practice -- IV. Affirmative Action? -- V. Pushing Weight -- Endnotes -- Back cover.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.