Epistemic modality in spoken standard Tibetian : epistemic verbal endings and copulas.

COVER -- CONTENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- Key terms -- Fieldwork and corpus -- Structure of the monograph and of the Tibetan examples -- I. THE EXPRESSION OF EPISTEMIC MODALITY IN STANDARD SPOKEN TIBETAN -- 1.1 THE LEXICAL EXPRESSION OF EPISTEMIC MODALITY -- 1.1.1 EPISTEMIC ADVERBS -- 1.1.1.1 Epistemic adverbs expressing possibility -- 1.1.1.2 Epistemic adverbs expressing probability -- 1.1.1.3 Epistemic adverbs expressing high probability or near-absolute certainty -- 1.1.1.4 Differences in the use of epistemic adverbs -- 1.1.2 OTHER LEXICAL MEANS -- 1.2 THE GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSION OF EPISTEMIC MODALITY -- 1.2.1 FORMAL ANALYSIS OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS -- 1.2.1.1 Classification and synchronic representation of epistemic verbal endings -- 1.2.1.2 Polarity: Affirmative and negative epistemic verbal endings -- 1.2.1.3 Epistemic copulas -- 1.2.2 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS -- 1.2.2.1 Epistemic verbal endings as markers of tense-aspect -- 1.2.2.1.1 The tense-aspect paradigm of epistemic verbal endings -- 1.2.2.1.2 Some differences between the verbal endings of the epistemic tense-aspect paradigm -- 1.2.2.2 Epistemic verbal endings as markers of epistemic modality -- 1.2.2.3 Epistemic verbal endings as markers of evidential meanings -- 1.2.2.3.1 Evidentiality in SST -- 1.2.2.3.2 Evidential meanings of epistemic verbal endings -- 1.2.2.4 Participant perspective -- 1.2.2.5 Geographic variation and frequency -- 1.2.2.6 Secondary meanings of epistemic verbal endings and copulas -- 1.2.3 SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS -- 1.2.3.1 Compatibility of epistemic verbal endings with verbal constructions and verbal classes -- 1.2.3.2 Use of epistemic verbal endings in interrogative sentences -- 1.2.3.3 Use of epistemic verbal endings in dependent clauses.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS -- 2.1 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE yod.kyi.red -- 2.1.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.2 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE FINAL AUXILIARY ʼdra -- 2.2.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.3 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE FINAL AUXILIARY ʼgro/ʼgroʼo -- 2.3.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.4 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEME a -- 2.4.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.5 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEME sa -- 2.5.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.6 EPISTEMIC CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE SUFFIX mdog.kha.po -- 2.6.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.6.2 DESCRIPTION OF mdog.kha.po-CONSTRUCTIONS -- 2.6.2.1 Use of mdog.kha.po-constructions with the final auxiliaries red and ʼdug in the perfective past -- 2.6.2.2 Use of mdog.kha.po-constructions with the final auxiliaries red and ʼdug in the imperfective and in the future -- 2.6.2.3 Mdog.kha.po-constructions with the final auxiliary yod -- 2.7 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS pa.ʼdug AND pa.yod -- 2.7.1 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS pa.ʼdug AND pa.mi.ʼdug -- 2.7.2 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS pa.yod AND pa.med -- 2.8 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE yod.pa.yod -- 2.8.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.8.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.9 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE yong.nga.yod -- 2.9.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.9.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS.

2.10 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS WITH THE MORPHEME yong -- 2.10.1 EPISTEMIC ENDING mi.yong.ngas -- 2.10.2 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS AND COPULAS yong AND mi.yong -- 2.10.2.1 Semantic and pragmatic characteristics -- 2.10.2.2 Various functions and meanings of the verbal endings and copulas yong and mi.yong (epistemic and non-epistemic) -- 2.11 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEME bzo -- 2.11.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.11.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS -- 2.11.2.1 Verbal endings with the final auxiliary ʼdug -- 2.11.2.2 Constructions with the morpheme bzo -- III. SECONDARY VERBS AND EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS -- 3.1 SECONDARY VERBS -- 3.2 USE OF SECONDARY VERBS WITH EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS -- 3.2.1 MODAL VERB thub 'be able', 'can' -- 3.2.2 MODAL VERB dgos 'must', 'have to' -- 3.2.3 MODAL VERB ʼdod 'want' -- 3.2.4 MODAL VERB chog 'be allowed', 'can' AND ASPECTUAL VERB chog.chog 'be ready' -- 3.2.5 MODAL VERB shes 'know' -- 3.2.6 MODAL VERB srid 'be possible', 'can' -- 3.2.7 MODAL VERB nus 'dare' -- 3.2.8 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB rtsis 'intend [to do]', 'reckon or count [on doing]' -- 3.2.9 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB ran 'be time [to do]', 'have come [the time to do]' -- 3.2.10 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB long 'have time [to do]' -- 3.2.11 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB tshar 'to finish', 'to end' -- 3.2.12 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB bsdad 'stay' -- 3.2.13 DIRECTIONAL AND ASPECTUAL VERB ʼgro 'go' -- 3.2.14 DIRECTIONAL AND ASPECTUAL VERB yong 'come' -- 3.2.15 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB ʼgroʼo a) 'be ready/be about [to do]', b) 'have [just done/occured]' -- 3.2.16 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB bzhag 'put' -- 3.2.17 EXPERIENTIAL SECONDARY VERB myong 'experience' -- 3.3 SUMMARY OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF SECONDARY VERBS WITH EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- GLOSSARY -- APPENDIX: LIST OF TAM VERBAL ENDINGS IN STANDARD SPOKEN TIBETAN.

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