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Covered Karsts.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: Springer Geology SeriesPublisher: Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (545 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789401775182
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Covered KarstsDDC classification:
  • 551.447
LOC classification:
  • GB3-5030
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: General Description of Karst -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Karst Hydrology -- 1.3 Karst Features -- 1.3.1 Surface Karst Features -- 1.3.2 Caves -- 1.4 Karst Types -- References -- Chapter 2: Study Areas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Areas of Detailed Field Research -- 2.2.1 Aggtelek Karst -- 2.2.2 The Asiago Plateau -- 2.2.3 The Bakony Mountains -- 2.2.4 The Bükk Mountains -- 2.2.5 Durmitor -- 2.2.6 Northern Limestone Alps -- 2.2.6.1 Totes Gebirge -- 2.2.6.2 Dachstein -- 2.2.6.3 Hochschwab -- 2.2.7 The Julian Alps -- 2.2.8 Madagascar -- 2.2.9 The Mecsek Mountains -- 2.2.10 Padis -- 2.3 Observation Areas -- 2.3.1 Atacama Desert -- 2.3.2 The Biokovo Mountains -- 2.3.3 The Cerkniško polje -- 2.3.4 The Dolomiti -- 2.3.5 Iceland -- 2.3.6 Middle Lena -- 2.3.7 Crimean Peninsula -- 2.3.8 The Lunan Region (South Chinese Mountains) -- 2.3.9 The Salt Hill of Parajd -- References -- Chapter 3: Methods -- 3.1 Morphometry -- 3.1.1 The Parameter Space -- 3.1.2 Depth-Width Function -- 3.1.3 Distribution of Dolines by Elevation Above Sea Level -- 3.1.4 Calculation of Karren Parameters -- 3.2 Investigation of the Structure of the Bearing Rock (Bedrock) -- 3.3 Mapping -- 3.3.1 Topographic and Groundplan Maps -- 3.3.2 Morphological Maps -- 3.3.3 Denudation Maps -- 3.3.4 Aerial Photographs -- 3.3.5 Karst Morphological Cross-Sections -- 3.3.6 Oblique Views and Block Diagrams -- 3.4 Investigation of Cover Thickness, Composition and Structure -- 3.4.1 Establishing Cover Thickness, Composition and Bedrock Map by Spiral Drilling -- 3.4.2 Measuring Cover Thickness Using Metal Rod -- 3.4.3 Constructing Geoelectric-Geological Profiles -- 3.4.4 Analysis of the Composition of the Cover -- 3.4.4.1 Particle Size -- 3.4.4.2 Calcium Content -- 3.4.4.3 Exploration Pit -- 3.5 Changes of Karst Features.
3.5.1 Measurements of Mass Movements in Dolines -- 3.5.2 Measuring Size Changes of Dolines -- 3.5.2.1 Point-Like Depth Change -- 3.5.2.2 Areal Depth Change -- 3.6 Laboratory Model Experiments -- 3.6.1 Modelling the Formation of Subsidence Dolines on Cover with Ground Ice -- 3.6.2 Modelling Grike Evolution -- 3.6.3 Modelling the Development of Subsidence Dolines in Cover Deposit Without Ground Ice -- 3.6.4 Influence of Particle Size on Water Lifting and Water Overlifting -- 3.6.4.1 Water Overlifting -- 3.6.4.2 Water Lifting -- 3.6.5 Sedimentation in the Flood Lakes of Subsidence Dolines -- 3.6.5.1 Investigation of the Relationship Between the Settling Rate of Suspended Material and Water Level Sinking of Flood Lakes -- 3.6.5.2 Investigation of Sedimentation in Flood Lakes -- References -- Chapter 4: Classification of Covered Karsts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Crypto and Concealed Karsts -- 4.3 Age of the Covered Karst -- 4.4 Classification of Covered Karst According to Their Rocks -- 4.4.1 Bedrock Material -- 4.4.2 The Cover Material -- 4.4.2.1 Autochthonous Deposits -- 4.4.2.2 Allochthonous Deposits -- 4.4.2.3 Paraautochthonous Deposits -- 4.5 Covered Karst of Landforms -- 4.6 Patterns of the Cover Sediment of Covered Karst -- 4.6.1 General Description -- 4.6.2 Cover Pattern of Climatic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.1 Tundra-Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.2 Taiga-Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3 Temperate Belt Karsts -- 4.6.2.3.1 Covered Karst Developed from Allogenic Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.1 Recent Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.2 Renewed Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.3 Semi-allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.2 Mantled Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.3 Horst Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.4 Covered Karst of Glaciokarsts (High-Mountain Karsts) -- 4.6.2.4.1 Cirque Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.4.2 Glacial Valley Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.5 Mediterranean Karst.
4.6.2.6 Tropical Covered Karsts -- 4.6.3 Structural Covered Karsts -- 4.6.3.1 Platform Covered Karst -- 4.6.3.2 Salt Diapir -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Covered Karst Landforms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Subsoil Karren -- 5.2.1 General Description -- 5.2.2 Subsoil Karren on Carbonate Rocks -- 5.2.2.1 Irregular Karren Features -- 5.2.2.2 Vertical Karren Features -- 5.2.2.3 Linear Karren Features -- 5.2.2.4 Horizontal Karren Features -- 5.2.2.5 Circular Karren Features -- 5.2.2.6 Karren Developed Below the Karst Water Table -- 5.2.3 Evaporite Karren -- 5.2.4 Subsidence Pseudokarren -- 5.3 Caprock Dolines -- 5.4 Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.1 General Description -- 5.4.2 Morphology of Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.3 Classification of Subsidence Depressions -- 5.4.3.1 Types of Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.3.2 Subsidence Pseudokarst Depressions -- 5.5 Ponors -- 5.5.1 General Description -- 5.5.2 Classification of Ponors -- 5.5.2.1 Classification of Ponors According to Rock Boundaries -- 5.5.2.2 Covered Karst Ponors -- 5.6 Depressions of Superficial Deposit (DSD) -- 5.6.1 Characteristics of the DSDs -- 5.6.2 Classification of DSDs -- 5.7 Karst Valleys -- 5.7.1 Allogenic Valley -- 5.7.2 Epigenetic Valley -- 5.7.3 Blind Valley -- 5.8 Remnant Caves -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Covered Karst Processes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Activity -- 6.2.1 Conditions of Activity -- 6.2.2 The Characteristics of the Activity -- 6.2.3 Activity Phenomena -- 6.2.4 Types of Activity -- 6.3 Sedimentation in Flood Lakes -- 6.3.1 Sedimentation in the Laboratory -- 6.3.1.1 Rate of Deposition -- 6.3.1.1.1 In Measuring Cylinder -- 6.3.1.1.2 In Experimental Basin -- 6.3.1.2 Depositional Forms in the Experimental Basin -- 6.3.1.2.1 Coating and Settling Forms -- 6.3.1.2.2 Settling Forms at Different Rates of Water Level Sinking.
6.3.1.2.3 A Model for Settling Form Development on the Floor -- 6.3.2 Sedimentation Under Natural Conditions -- 6.3.2.1 Deposition in Ephemeral Lakes (of Rapidly Sinking Level) -- 6.3.2.2 Deposition in Lakes of Longer Duration (Fig. 6.22, Table 6.4) -- 6.3.2.3 Deposition in Enduring Lakes -- 6.4 Development of Partial Features -- 6.4.1 Examples of the Intensity of Geomorphic Evolution of Covered Karst -- 6.4.2 Characteristics of Partial Feature Development -- 6.5 Change in Size -- 6.5.1 Pointlike Depth Change -- 6.5.2 Areal Distribution of Depth Change -- 6.5.3 Material Budget of Dolines -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Landform Evolution and Development -- 7.1 Karren Formation -- 7.1.1 General Characteristics of Karren Development -- 7.1.2 Formation of Vertical Karren -- 7.1.3 Formation of Linear Karren -- 7.1.4 Formation of Horizontal Karren -- 7.1.5 Formation of Karren with Circular Platform -- 7.1.6 Karren Formed Under Temporary Inundation -- 7.1.7 Formation of Rock Salt Karren -- 7.1.8 Pseudokarren Formation -- 7.2 Formation of Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.1 Formation of C1 Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.2 Formation of C2 Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.3 Formation of C3 Caprock Dolines -- 7.3 The Development Environment, Conditions of Formation and Origin of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.1 Modelling the Development of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.1.1 Features Resulting from the Experiment -- 7.3.1.2 Solution on the Bedrock -- 7.3.1.3 Landform Development on the Cover -- 7.3.2 Conditions of Doline Formation -- 7.3.2.1 Slope Angle -- 7.3.2.2 Elevation Above Sea Level -- 7.3.2.3 The Bedrock -- 7.3.2.4 Karst Water -- 7.3.2.5 Cover Thickness -- 7.3.3 Formation of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.3.1 The Origin of Depressions in the Cover -- Suffosion (Piping) -- Pore Volume Growth -- Subsidence -- Mass Movements -- 7.3.3.2 The Impact of Processes on Depression Formation.
7.3.3.3 Impact of the Composition of the Cover on Doline Formation -- 7.3.3.4 Impact of Shaft Formation on Doline Generation -- Shaft Formation -- Relationship Between Shaft and Doline Morphology -- 7.3.3.5 Inheritance over the Cover -- The Process of Inheritance in General -- Special Cases of Inheritance -- Inheritance on Glaciokarst -- Inheritance on Permafrost -- Inheritance with Intermittent Inundation of the Cover -- 7.3.3.6 Development of Doline Varieties -- 7.3.3.7 Doline Evolution -- General Characteristics of Doline Evolution -- Doline Evolution in Some Study Areas -- 7.3.4 Origin of Subsidence Pseudokarst Depressions -- 7.4 Origin of Ponors -- 7.4.1 Main Characteristics of Ponor Formation -- 7.4.2 Ponor Formation on Various Covered Karsts -- 7.5 Origin of Depressions of Superficial Deposit (DSD) -- 7.5.1 General Characteristics of DSD Formation -- 7.5.2 Origin and Evolution of DSDs -- 7.5.2.1 Formation by Coalescence -- 7.5.2.2 Formation by the Development of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.5.2.3 Formation by the Development of Ponors -- 7.5.2.4 DSD Formation at Katavothra -- 7.5.3 Material Budget and Transformation of the DSDs -- 7.6 Formation of Remnant Caves -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Evolution of Covered Karst Surfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Surface Evolution on Tundra and Taiga Covered Karsts -- 8.3 Surface Evolution on Temperate Karst -- 8.3.1 Surface Evolution on Recent Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.2 Surface Evolution on Renewed Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.3 Surface Evolution on Mantled Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.4 Surface Evolution on Horst Covered Karst -- 8.4 Surface Evolution on Glaciokarst Covered Karst -- 8.4.1 Surface Evolution on Cirque Covered Karst -- 8.4.2 Surface Evolution on Glacial Valley Covered Karst -- 8.5 Surface Evolution on Tropical Covered Karst.
8.5.1 Surface Evolution of Pinnacle Terrains.
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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: General Description of Karst -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Karst Hydrology -- 1.3 Karst Features -- 1.3.1 Surface Karst Features -- 1.3.2 Caves -- 1.4 Karst Types -- References -- Chapter 2: Study Areas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Areas of Detailed Field Research -- 2.2.1 Aggtelek Karst -- 2.2.2 The Asiago Plateau -- 2.2.3 The Bakony Mountains -- 2.2.4 The Bükk Mountains -- 2.2.5 Durmitor -- 2.2.6 Northern Limestone Alps -- 2.2.6.1 Totes Gebirge -- 2.2.6.2 Dachstein -- 2.2.6.3 Hochschwab -- 2.2.7 The Julian Alps -- 2.2.8 Madagascar -- 2.2.9 The Mecsek Mountains -- 2.2.10 Padis -- 2.3 Observation Areas -- 2.3.1 Atacama Desert -- 2.3.2 The Biokovo Mountains -- 2.3.3 The Cerkniško polje -- 2.3.4 The Dolomiti -- 2.3.5 Iceland -- 2.3.6 Middle Lena -- 2.3.7 Crimean Peninsula -- 2.3.8 The Lunan Region (South Chinese Mountains) -- 2.3.9 The Salt Hill of Parajd -- References -- Chapter 3: Methods -- 3.1 Morphometry -- 3.1.1 The Parameter Space -- 3.1.2 Depth-Width Function -- 3.1.3 Distribution of Dolines by Elevation Above Sea Level -- 3.1.4 Calculation of Karren Parameters -- 3.2 Investigation of the Structure of the Bearing Rock (Bedrock) -- 3.3 Mapping -- 3.3.1 Topographic and Groundplan Maps -- 3.3.2 Morphological Maps -- 3.3.3 Denudation Maps -- 3.3.4 Aerial Photographs -- 3.3.5 Karst Morphological Cross-Sections -- 3.3.6 Oblique Views and Block Diagrams -- 3.4 Investigation of Cover Thickness, Composition and Structure -- 3.4.1 Establishing Cover Thickness, Composition and Bedrock Map by Spiral Drilling -- 3.4.2 Measuring Cover Thickness Using Metal Rod -- 3.4.3 Constructing Geoelectric-Geological Profiles -- 3.4.4 Analysis of the Composition of the Cover -- 3.4.4.1 Particle Size -- 3.4.4.2 Calcium Content -- 3.4.4.3 Exploration Pit -- 3.5 Changes of Karst Features.

3.5.1 Measurements of Mass Movements in Dolines -- 3.5.2 Measuring Size Changes of Dolines -- 3.5.2.1 Point-Like Depth Change -- 3.5.2.2 Areal Depth Change -- 3.6 Laboratory Model Experiments -- 3.6.1 Modelling the Formation of Subsidence Dolines on Cover with Ground Ice -- 3.6.2 Modelling Grike Evolution -- 3.6.3 Modelling the Development of Subsidence Dolines in Cover Deposit Without Ground Ice -- 3.6.4 Influence of Particle Size on Water Lifting and Water Overlifting -- 3.6.4.1 Water Overlifting -- 3.6.4.2 Water Lifting -- 3.6.5 Sedimentation in the Flood Lakes of Subsidence Dolines -- 3.6.5.1 Investigation of the Relationship Between the Settling Rate of Suspended Material and Water Level Sinking of Flood Lakes -- 3.6.5.2 Investigation of Sedimentation in Flood Lakes -- References -- Chapter 4: Classification of Covered Karsts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Crypto and Concealed Karsts -- 4.3 Age of the Covered Karst -- 4.4 Classification of Covered Karst According to Their Rocks -- 4.4.1 Bedrock Material -- 4.4.2 The Cover Material -- 4.4.2.1 Autochthonous Deposits -- 4.4.2.2 Allochthonous Deposits -- 4.4.2.3 Paraautochthonous Deposits -- 4.5 Covered Karst of Landforms -- 4.6 Patterns of the Cover Sediment of Covered Karst -- 4.6.1 General Description -- 4.6.2 Cover Pattern of Climatic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.1 Tundra-Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.2 Taiga-Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3 Temperate Belt Karsts -- 4.6.2.3.1 Covered Karst Developed from Allogenic Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.1 Recent Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.2 Renewed Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.1.3 Semi-allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.2 Mantled Allogenic Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.3.3 Horst Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.4 Covered Karst of Glaciokarsts (High-Mountain Karsts) -- 4.6.2.4.1 Cirque Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.4.2 Glacial Valley Covered Karst -- 4.6.2.5 Mediterranean Karst.

4.6.2.6 Tropical Covered Karsts -- 4.6.3 Structural Covered Karsts -- 4.6.3.1 Platform Covered Karst -- 4.6.3.2 Salt Diapir -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Covered Karst Landforms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Subsoil Karren -- 5.2.1 General Description -- 5.2.2 Subsoil Karren on Carbonate Rocks -- 5.2.2.1 Irregular Karren Features -- 5.2.2.2 Vertical Karren Features -- 5.2.2.3 Linear Karren Features -- 5.2.2.4 Horizontal Karren Features -- 5.2.2.5 Circular Karren Features -- 5.2.2.6 Karren Developed Below the Karst Water Table -- 5.2.3 Evaporite Karren -- 5.2.4 Subsidence Pseudokarren -- 5.3 Caprock Dolines -- 5.4 Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.1 General Description -- 5.4.2 Morphology of Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.3 Classification of Subsidence Depressions -- 5.4.3.1 Types of Subsidence Dolines -- 5.4.3.2 Subsidence Pseudokarst Depressions -- 5.5 Ponors -- 5.5.1 General Description -- 5.5.2 Classification of Ponors -- 5.5.2.1 Classification of Ponors According to Rock Boundaries -- 5.5.2.2 Covered Karst Ponors -- 5.6 Depressions of Superficial Deposit (DSD) -- 5.6.1 Characteristics of the DSDs -- 5.6.2 Classification of DSDs -- 5.7 Karst Valleys -- 5.7.1 Allogenic Valley -- 5.7.2 Epigenetic Valley -- 5.7.3 Blind Valley -- 5.8 Remnant Caves -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Covered Karst Processes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Activity -- 6.2.1 Conditions of Activity -- 6.2.2 The Characteristics of the Activity -- 6.2.3 Activity Phenomena -- 6.2.4 Types of Activity -- 6.3 Sedimentation in Flood Lakes -- 6.3.1 Sedimentation in the Laboratory -- 6.3.1.1 Rate of Deposition -- 6.3.1.1.1 In Measuring Cylinder -- 6.3.1.1.2 In Experimental Basin -- 6.3.1.2 Depositional Forms in the Experimental Basin -- 6.3.1.2.1 Coating and Settling Forms -- 6.3.1.2.2 Settling Forms at Different Rates of Water Level Sinking.

6.3.1.2.3 A Model for Settling Form Development on the Floor -- 6.3.2 Sedimentation Under Natural Conditions -- 6.3.2.1 Deposition in Ephemeral Lakes (of Rapidly Sinking Level) -- 6.3.2.2 Deposition in Lakes of Longer Duration (Fig. 6.22, Table 6.4) -- 6.3.2.3 Deposition in Enduring Lakes -- 6.4 Development of Partial Features -- 6.4.1 Examples of the Intensity of Geomorphic Evolution of Covered Karst -- 6.4.2 Characteristics of Partial Feature Development -- 6.5 Change in Size -- 6.5.1 Pointlike Depth Change -- 6.5.2 Areal Distribution of Depth Change -- 6.5.3 Material Budget of Dolines -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Landform Evolution and Development -- 7.1 Karren Formation -- 7.1.1 General Characteristics of Karren Development -- 7.1.2 Formation of Vertical Karren -- 7.1.3 Formation of Linear Karren -- 7.1.4 Formation of Horizontal Karren -- 7.1.5 Formation of Karren with Circular Platform -- 7.1.6 Karren Formed Under Temporary Inundation -- 7.1.7 Formation of Rock Salt Karren -- 7.1.8 Pseudokarren Formation -- 7.2 Formation of Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.1 Formation of C1 Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.2 Formation of C2 Caprock Dolines -- 7.2.3 Formation of C3 Caprock Dolines -- 7.3 The Development Environment, Conditions of Formation and Origin of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.1 Modelling the Development of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.1.1 Features Resulting from the Experiment -- 7.3.1.2 Solution on the Bedrock -- 7.3.1.3 Landform Development on the Cover -- 7.3.2 Conditions of Doline Formation -- 7.3.2.1 Slope Angle -- 7.3.2.2 Elevation Above Sea Level -- 7.3.2.3 The Bedrock -- 7.3.2.4 Karst Water -- 7.3.2.5 Cover Thickness -- 7.3.3 Formation of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.3.3.1 The Origin of Depressions in the Cover -- Suffosion (Piping) -- Pore Volume Growth -- Subsidence -- Mass Movements -- 7.3.3.2 The Impact of Processes on Depression Formation.

7.3.3.3 Impact of the Composition of the Cover on Doline Formation -- 7.3.3.4 Impact of Shaft Formation on Doline Generation -- Shaft Formation -- Relationship Between Shaft and Doline Morphology -- 7.3.3.5 Inheritance over the Cover -- The Process of Inheritance in General -- Special Cases of Inheritance -- Inheritance on Glaciokarst -- Inheritance on Permafrost -- Inheritance with Intermittent Inundation of the Cover -- 7.3.3.6 Development of Doline Varieties -- 7.3.3.7 Doline Evolution -- General Characteristics of Doline Evolution -- Doline Evolution in Some Study Areas -- 7.3.4 Origin of Subsidence Pseudokarst Depressions -- 7.4 Origin of Ponors -- 7.4.1 Main Characteristics of Ponor Formation -- 7.4.2 Ponor Formation on Various Covered Karsts -- 7.5 Origin of Depressions of Superficial Deposit (DSD) -- 7.5.1 General Characteristics of DSD Formation -- 7.5.2 Origin and Evolution of DSDs -- 7.5.2.1 Formation by Coalescence -- 7.5.2.2 Formation by the Development of Subsidence Dolines -- 7.5.2.3 Formation by the Development of Ponors -- 7.5.2.4 DSD Formation at Katavothra -- 7.5.3 Material Budget and Transformation of the DSDs -- 7.6 Formation of Remnant Caves -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Evolution of Covered Karst Surfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Surface Evolution on Tundra and Taiga Covered Karsts -- 8.3 Surface Evolution on Temperate Karst -- 8.3.1 Surface Evolution on Recent Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.2 Surface Evolution on Renewed Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.3 Surface Evolution on Mantled Allogenic Covered Karst -- 8.3.4 Surface Evolution on Horst Covered Karst -- 8.4 Surface Evolution on Glaciokarst Covered Karst -- 8.4.1 Surface Evolution on Cirque Covered Karst -- 8.4.2 Surface Evolution on Glacial Valley Covered Karst -- 8.5 Surface Evolution on Tropical Covered Karst.

8.5.1 Surface Evolution of Pinnacle Terrains.

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