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Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer : Biology, Diagnosis and Management.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016Copyright date: ©2017Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (293 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783319423272
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Bone Metastases from Prostate CancerDDC classification:
  • 616.07
LOC classification:
  • RC254-282
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Biology and Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer -- 1.1 Distribution and Preferential Site of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Patients -- 1.2 Pathology of Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 1.3 Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis -- 1.3.1 Pathophysiological Heterogeneity -- 1.3.2 The Role of Osteoclasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.3 The Role of Osteoblasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.4 Endothelin-1 -- 1.3.5 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- 1.3.6 Wnt/DKK-1 Pathway -- 1.3.7 VEGF -- 1.3.8 Role of Mineralised Bone Matrix Resorption in the Vicious Cycle of Lytic Metastasis -- 1.3.9 TGFβ -- 1.3.10 IGF-1 -- References -- 2: Markers of Bone Turnover in Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 2.1 New Bone Markers -- 2.1.1 ICTP -- 2.2 Periostin -- 2.3 Bone Sialoprotein and Osteopontin -- 2.4 Sclerostin and DKK-1 -- 2.5 Other Emerging Markers of Bone Metastatic Disease from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 3: Bone Homing and Metastasis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Homing of PCa Cells to the Bone: The Role of Cellular Plasticity -- 3.3 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Bone Homing -- 3.4 The Role of Chemokines and Their Receptors -- 3.5 The Role of MicroRNAs -- 3.6 The Role of Other Molecules and Signaling Pathways -- References -- 4: Markers of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Circulating Tumor Markers in the Management of Bone Metastases -- 4.1 Contemporary Notion of "Tumor Marker" -- 4.2 Prostate-Specific Antigen: A Singular Tumor Marker -- 4.3 Clinical Settings in Which PSA May Be Used in the Decision Process -- 4.4 The Position of Clinical Practice Guidelines -- 4.5 PSA as Risk Predictor in Newly Diagnosed Patients Before Any Therapeutic Intervention.
4.6 PSA for the Detection of Recurrence and Assessment of Adverse Outcomes After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.6.1 PSA as Indicator of Biochemical Recurrence -- 4.6.2 PSA as Risk Predictor of Clinical Progression and Adverse Outcome After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.7 PSA as a Test to Monitor Response to Treatment of Bone Metastases -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Metastatic Prostate Cancer (mPCa) -- 5.1 CTCs as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker -- 5.2 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Planning PCa Prevention Strategies? -- 5.3 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Choosing the Treatment of mPCa? -- 5.4 CTC Detection Methods: Looking to Consensus Criteria -- 5.5 Molecular Characterization of CTCs in mPCa -- References -- 6: Nuclear Medicine Modalities to Image Bone Metastases with Bone-Targeting Agents: Conventional Scintigraphy and Positron-Emission Tomography -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conventional Radionuclide Imaging -- 6.2.1 99mTc-Bisphosphonate Planar Scintigraphy -- 6.2.2 Bone Scan Index -- 6.2.3 99mTc-Bisphosphonate SPECT and SPECT/CT -- 6.3 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.4 Conventional Bone Scintigraphy Versus 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.5 Single Combined 18F-FDG/18F-NaF PET/CT -- References -- 7: Detection of Bone Metastases and Evaluation of Therapy Response in Prostate Cancer Patients by Radiolabelled Choline PET/CT -- 7.1 Rationale for Choline PET in Prostate Cancer -- 7.2 Diagnostic Accuracy of Radiolabelled Choline in Skeletal Metastases -- 7.3 Response to Treatment with Radiolabelled Choline Agents -- References -- 8: Imaging of Glycolysis with 18F-­FDG PET -- 8.1 Physiopathology and FDG PET in Prostate Cancer -- 8.2 Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy among Imaging Modalities -- 8.3 Treatment Response Evaluation and Outcome Prediction -- References.
9: New Radiopharmaceutical Markers for Metabolism and Receptor -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of 18F-FACBC PET/CT for Detecting Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- 9.3 Role of 68GA-PSMA PET/CT for Detecting of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- References -- 10: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Hormonal Therapy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hormonal Therapy: Options -- 10.2.1 Inhibitors of Gonadal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.2 Inhibitors of Adrenal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.3 First-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.2.4 Second-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.3 Hormonal Therapy: Indications -- 10.3.1 Hormone-Naïve Patients -- 10.3.2 CRPC Patients -- References -- 11: Chemotherapy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Early Experience with Chemotherapy in Metastatic CRPC -- 11.2.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.3 Taxanes -- 11.3.1 General Mechanism of Action -- 11.3.2 Docetaxel -- 11.3.3 Docetaxel-Based Combinations -- 11.3.4 Docetaxel Rechallenge -- 11.3.5 Cabazitaxel -- 11.4 Platinum Agents -- 11.5 Effect of Chemotherapy on Bone Metastases (Summary) -- 11.5.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.5.2 Docetaxel -- 11.5.3 Cabazitaxel -- 11.5.4 Platinum Agents -- References -- 12: Combinations of Hormonal Therapy and Chemotherapy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Rationale of Combining Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy -- 12.3 Clinical Trials of Chemotherapy in Metastatic Castration-­Sensitive Prostate Cancer -- 12.4 The GETUG-AFU 15 Trial -- 12.4.1 The CHAARTED Trial -- 12.4.2 The STAMPEDE Trial -- 12.5 Comparison and Meta-­analyses of the Trials -- 12.5.1 Critical Comparison -- 12.5.2 Meta-analyses -- 12.5.3 Effect of Chemotherapy/Ormonotherapy on Skeletal-­Related Events in CSPC -- 12.6 Patient Selection for Up-Front Chemotherapy in Castration-Sensitive Metastatic PC -- References -- 13: Surgery: Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease.
13.1 Vertebral Metastases Techniques -- 13.1.1 En Bloc Vertebrectomy -- 13.1.2 Stabilization and Intralesional Surgery (Curettage) -- 13.1.3 Augmentation Technique -- 13.2 Femoral Metastases Techniques -- 13.2.1 Proximal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.2.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.2.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.2.4 Distal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3 Tibial Metastases Techniques -- 13.3.1 Proximal Tibial Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3.2 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.4 Humerus Metastases Techniques -- 13.4.1 Proximal Humerus Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.4.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.4.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.5 Scapular Metastases -- 13.6 Pelvic Metastases Techniques -- 13.7 Complications -- 13.7.1 Bone Explosion (During Intramedullary Stabilization) -- 13.7.2 Corticalization of the Trabecular Bone (Cutter Rupture) (Fig. 13.14) -- 13.8 Adjuvant Techniques -- References -- 14: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Radiotherapy -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 External Beam Radiotherapy -- 14.2.1 Radiation Dose and Fractionation -- 14.2.2 Reirradiation -- 14.2.3 EBRT in Management of Spinal Cord Compression or Pathological Fractures -- 14.3 Hemibody Irradiation -- 14.4 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy -- 14.4.1 Unirradiated and Reirradiated Patients: Mixed Cases -- 14.4.2 Reirradiation -- 14.4.3 Postoperative SBRT -- 14.4.4 SBRT in Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 15: Bone-Targeted Agents -- 15.1 Bisphosphonates -- 15.2 Denosumab -- 15.3 Safety of Bone Target Therapies -- 15.4 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) -- 15.5 Other Molecules -- 15.5.1 Abiraterone -- 15.5.2 Enzalutamide -- References -- 16: Bone-Seeking Radionuclide for Therapy -- 16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Bone-Seeking Compounds -- 16.3 Radioactivity -- 16.3.1 Forms of Radiation -- 16.3.2 DNA Damage -- 16.3.3 Half-Life -- 16.3.4 Dose and LET -- 16.4 Clinical Applications of Beta Emitters -- 16.4.1 Beta Emitters as Single Agents -- 16.4.1.1 Phosphorus-32 -- 16.4.1.2 Strontium-89 -- 16.4.1.3 Re-188 HEDP/Re-186 HEDP -- 16.4.1.4 Samarium-153 -- 16.4.2 Beta Emitters in Relation to External Beam Radiotherapy -- 16.4.2.1 Summary of Beta Emitters as Single Agents and in Relation to EBRT -- 16.4.3 Beta Emitters in Combination with Cytotoxic Agents -- 16.4.3.1 Sr-89 -- 16.4.3.2 Re-186 HEDP and Re-188 HEDP -- Summary of Beta Emitters and Cytotoxics -- 16.5 Alpha Emitters: Radium-223 -- 16.5.1 Preclinical -- 16.5.2 Phase I -- 16.5.3 Phase II -- 16.5.4 Phase III ALSYMPCA -- 16.5.5 Dosimetry -- 16.5.6 Clinical and Future Use of Ra-223 -- Bibliography -- 17: New Frontiers in Treatment -- 17.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Targeting Therapies -- 17.1.1 Bevacizumab -- 17.1.2 Sunitinib -- 17.1.3 Lenalidomide -- 17.1.4 Aflibercept -- 17.1.5 Tasquinimod -- 17.2 MET-Targeting Therapies -- 17.2.1 Rilotumumab -- 17.2.2 Tivantinib -- 17.3 Dual Inhibition of MET and VEGFR Signaling: Clinical Evidence -- 17.3.1 Cabozantinib -- 17.4 Dual Androgen Synthesis and Signaling Inhibitor -- 17.4.1 Galeterone (TOK-001) -- 17.5 Second-Generation Androgen Receptor Inhibitors -- 17.5.1 ARN-509 -- 17.5.2 ODM-201 -- 17.5.3 AZD3514 -- 17.5.4 EPI-001 -- 17.5.5 Orteronel -- 17.6 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 17.6.1 Ipilimumab -- 17.6.2 Tremelimumab -- 17.6.3 Nivolumab -- 17.6.3.1 Pembrolizumab -- 17.7 Cancer Vaccines -- 17.7.1 GVAX -- 17.7.2 Sipuleucel-T -- 17.7.3 PROSTVAC/TRICOM -- References -- 18: Approaches for Assessment of Response of Bone Metastases to Therapies -- 18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Modalities to Evaluate Bone Metastases.
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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Biology and Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer -- 1.1 Distribution and Preferential Site of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Patients -- 1.2 Pathology of Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 1.3 Pathophysiology of Bone Metastasis -- 1.3.1 Pathophysiological Heterogeneity -- 1.3.2 The Role of Osteoclasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.3 The Role of Osteoblasts in Blastic and Mixed Bone Metastases -- 1.3.4 Endothelin-1 -- 1.3.5 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- 1.3.6 Wnt/DKK-1 Pathway -- 1.3.7 VEGF -- 1.3.8 Role of Mineralised Bone Matrix Resorption in the Vicious Cycle of Lytic Metastasis -- 1.3.9 TGFβ -- 1.3.10 IGF-1 -- References -- 2: Markers of Bone Turnover in Bone Metastasis from Prostate Cancer -- 2.1 New Bone Markers -- 2.1.1 ICTP -- 2.2 Periostin -- 2.3 Bone Sialoprotein and Osteopontin -- 2.4 Sclerostin and DKK-1 -- 2.5 Other Emerging Markers of Bone Metastatic Disease from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 3: Bone Homing and Metastasis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Homing of PCa Cells to the Bone: The Role of Cellular Plasticity -- 3.3 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Bone Homing -- 3.4 The Role of Chemokines and Their Receptors -- 3.5 The Role of MicroRNAs -- 3.6 The Role of Other Molecules and Signaling Pathways -- References -- 4: Markers of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Circulating Tumor Markers in the Management of Bone Metastases -- 4.1 Contemporary Notion of "Tumor Marker" -- 4.2 Prostate-Specific Antigen: A Singular Tumor Marker -- 4.3 Clinical Settings in Which PSA May Be Used in the Decision Process -- 4.4 The Position of Clinical Practice Guidelines -- 4.5 PSA as Risk Predictor in Newly Diagnosed Patients Before Any Therapeutic Intervention.

4.6 PSA for the Detection of Recurrence and Assessment of Adverse Outcomes After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.6.1 PSA as Indicator of Biochemical Recurrence -- 4.6.2 PSA as Risk Predictor of Clinical Progression and Adverse Outcome After the Treatment of the Primary Tumor -- 4.7 PSA as a Test to Monitor Response to Treatment of Bone Metastases -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Metastatic Prostate Cancer (mPCa) -- 5.1 CTCs as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker -- 5.2 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Planning PCa Prevention Strategies? -- 5.3 Can We Use the Enumeration of CTCs for Choosing the Treatment of mPCa? -- 5.4 CTC Detection Methods: Looking to Consensus Criteria -- 5.5 Molecular Characterization of CTCs in mPCa -- References -- 6: Nuclear Medicine Modalities to Image Bone Metastases with Bone-Targeting Agents: Conventional Scintigraphy and Positron-Emission Tomography -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conventional Radionuclide Imaging -- 6.2.1 99mTc-Bisphosphonate Planar Scintigraphy -- 6.2.2 Bone Scan Index -- 6.2.3 99mTc-Bisphosphonate SPECT and SPECT/CT -- 6.3 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.4 Conventional Bone Scintigraphy Versus 18F-NaF PET/CT -- 6.5 Single Combined 18F-FDG/18F-NaF PET/CT -- References -- 7: Detection of Bone Metastases and Evaluation of Therapy Response in Prostate Cancer Patients by Radiolabelled Choline PET/CT -- 7.1 Rationale for Choline PET in Prostate Cancer -- 7.2 Diagnostic Accuracy of Radiolabelled Choline in Skeletal Metastases -- 7.3 Response to Treatment with Radiolabelled Choline Agents -- References -- 8: Imaging of Glycolysis with 18F-­FDG PET -- 8.1 Physiopathology and FDG PET in Prostate Cancer -- 8.2 Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy among Imaging Modalities -- 8.3 Treatment Response Evaluation and Outcome Prediction -- References.

9: New Radiopharmaceutical Markers for Metabolism and Receptor -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of 18F-FACBC PET/CT for Detecting Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- 9.3 Role of 68GA-PSMA PET/CT for Detecting of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer -- References -- 10: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Hormonal Therapy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hormonal Therapy: Options -- 10.2.1 Inhibitors of Gonadal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.2 Inhibitors of Adrenal Androgen Synthesis -- 10.2.3 First-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.2.4 Second-Generation Antiandrogens -- 10.3 Hormonal Therapy: Indications -- 10.3.1 Hormone-Naïve Patients -- 10.3.2 CRPC Patients -- References -- 11: Chemotherapy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Early Experience with Chemotherapy in Metastatic CRPC -- 11.2.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.3 Taxanes -- 11.3.1 General Mechanism of Action -- 11.3.2 Docetaxel -- 11.3.3 Docetaxel-Based Combinations -- 11.3.4 Docetaxel Rechallenge -- 11.3.5 Cabazitaxel -- 11.4 Platinum Agents -- 11.5 Effect of Chemotherapy on Bone Metastases (Summary) -- 11.5.1 Mitoxantrone -- 11.5.2 Docetaxel -- 11.5.3 Cabazitaxel -- 11.5.4 Platinum Agents -- References -- 12: Combinations of Hormonal Therapy and Chemotherapy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Rationale of Combining Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy -- 12.3 Clinical Trials of Chemotherapy in Metastatic Castration-­Sensitive Prostate Cancer -- 12.4 The GETUG-AFU 15 Trial -- 12.4.1 The CHAARTED Trial -- 12.4.2 The STAMPEDE Trial -- 12.5 Comparison and Meta-­analyses of the Trials -- 12.5.1 Critical Comparison -- 12.5.2 Meta-analyses -- 12.5.3 Effect of Chemotherapy/Ormonotherapy on Skeletal-­Related Events in CSPC -- 12.6 Patient Selection for Up-Front Chemotherapy in Castration-Sensitive Metastatic PC -- References -- 13: Surgery: Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease.

13.1 Vertebral Metastases Techniques -- 13.1.1 En Bloc Vertebrectomy -- 13.1.2 Stabilization and Intralesional Surgery (Curettage) -- 13.1.3 Augmentation Technique -- 13.2 Femoral Metastases Techniques -- 13.2.1 Proximal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.2.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.2.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.2.4 Distal Femur Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3 Tibial Metastases Techniques -- 13.3.1 Proximal Tibial Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.3.2 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.4 Humerus Metastases Techniques -- 13.4.1 Proximal Humerus Resection and Prosthesis Reconstruction -- 13.4.2 Diaphysis Resection and Reconstruction -- 13.4.3 Intramedullary Stabilization -- 13.5 Scapular Metastases -- 13.6 Pelvic Metastases Techniques -- 13.7 Complications -- 13.7.1 Bone Explosion (During Intramedullary Stabilization) -- 13.7.2 Corticalization of the Trabecular Bone (Cutter Rupture) (Fig. 13.14) -- 13.8 Adjuvant Techniques -- References -- 14: Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer: Radiotherapy -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 External Beam Radiotherapy -- 14.2.1 Radiation Dose and Fractionation -- 14.2.2 Reirradiation -- 14.2.3 EBRT in Management of Spinal Cord Compression or Pathological Fractures -- 14.3 Hemibody Irradiation -- 14.4 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy -- 14.4.1 Unirradiated and Reirradiated Patients: Mixed Cases -- 14.4.2 Reirradiation -- 14.4.3 Postoperative SBRT -- 14.4.4 SBRT in Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer -- References -- 15: Bone-Targeted Agents -- 15.1 Bisphosphonates -- 15.2 Denosumab -- 15.3 Safety of Bone Target Therapies -- 15.4 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) -- 15.5 Other Molecules -- 15.5.1 Abiraterone -- 15.5.2 Enzalutamide -- References -- 16: Bone-Seeking Radionuclide for Therapy -- 16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Bone-Seeking Compounds -- 16.3 Radioactivity -- 16.3.1 Forms of Radiation -- 16.3.2 DNA Damage -- 16.3.3 Half-Life -- 16.3.4 Dose and LET -- 16.4 Clinical Applications of Beta Emitters -- 16.4.1 Beta Emitters as Single Agents -- 16.4.1.1 Phosphorus-32 -- 16.4.1.2 Strontium-89 -- 16.4.1.3 Re-188 HEDP/Re-186 HEDP -- 16.4.1.4 Samarium-153 -- 16.4.2 Beta Emitters in Relation to External Beam Radiotherapy -- 16.4.2.1 Summary of Beta Emitters as Single Agents and in Relation to EBRT -- 16.4.3 Beta Emitters in Combination with Cytotoxic Agents -- 16.4.3.1 Sr-89 -- 16.4.3.2 Re-186 HEDP and Re-188 HEDP -- Summary of Beta Emitters and Cytotoxics -- 16.5 Alpha Emitters: Radium-223 -- 16.5.1 Preclinical -- 16.5.2 Phase I -- 16.5.3 Phase II -- 16.5.4 Phase III ALSYMPCA -- 16.5.5 Dosimetry -- 16.5.6 Clinical and Future Use of Ra-223 -- Bibliography -- 17: New Frontiers in Treatment -- 17.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Targeting Therapies -- 17.1.1 Bevacizumab -- 17.1.2 Sunitinib -- 17.1.3 Lenalidomide -- 17.1.4 Aflibercept -- 17.1.5 Tasquinimod -- 17.2 MET-Targeting Therapies -- 17.2.1 Rilotumumab -- 17.2.2 Tivantinib -- 17.3 Dual Inhibition of MET and VEGFR Signaling: Clinical Evidence -- 17.3.1 Cabozantinib -- 17.4 Dual Androgen Synthesis and Signaling Inhibitor -- 17.4.1 Galeterone (TOK-001) -- 17.5 Second-Generation Androgen Receptor Inhibitors -- 17.5.1 ARN-509 -- 17.5.2 ODM-201 -- 17.5.3 AZD3514 -- 17.5.4 EPI-001 -- 17.5.5 Orteronel -- 17.6 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 17.6.1 Ipilimumab -- 17.6.2 Tremelimumab -- 17.6.3 Nivolumab -- 17.6.3.1 Pembrolizumab -- 17.7 Cancer Vaccines -- 17.7.1 GVAX -- 17.7.2 Sipuleucel-T -- 17.7.3 PROSTVAC/TRICOM -- References -- 18: Approaches for Assessment of Response of Bone Metastases to Therapies -- 18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Modalities to Evaluate Bone Metastases.

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