New Approaches to Aortic Diseases from Valve to Abdominal Bifurcation.

Front Cover -- New Approaches to Aortic Diseases from Valve to Abdominal Bifurcation -- Dedication -- New Approaches to Aortic Diseases from Valve to Abdominal Bifurcation -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - Overview -- 1 - Aging Aorta-Cellular Mechanisms -- AGING AND STIFFNESS AORTA -- INTIMA-ENDOTHELIAL SENESCENCE -- INTIMA AND MEDIA-APOPTOSIS -- INTIMA-EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND MMPS ROLES -- MEDIA-VSMCS -- MEDIA-ELASTIN/COLLAGEN RATIO -- MEDIA INFLAMMATION -- TELOMERE LENGTH-A BIOMARKER OF AORTA AGING -- ATHEROGENESIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 2 - Endothelial Dysfunction in Aortic Aneurysm -- OVERVIEW -- OXIDATIVE STRESS -- GRAFT ENDOTHELIALIZATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Histology of Aortic Disease and Progression of Aortic Dissection From Acute to Chronic -- INTRODUCTION -- NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF THE AORTA -- HISTOLOGY OF AORTIC ANEURYSM AND DISSECTION -- HISTOLOGY OF THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC DISSECTION -- MACROSCOPIC CHANGES OF THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC DISSECTION -- Stanford Type B Dissections -- Expansion of the Dissected Aorta -- Progression of the Dissection -- False Lumen Patency -- Intimal Flap Architecture and Its Dynamics -- Stanford Type A Dissection -- False Lumen Patency -- REFERENCES -- 4 - The Pathogenesis of Aortic Valvular Disease -- PATHOGENESIS OF AORTIC STENOSIS -- The Inflammatory Process -- The Lipoprotein Anomalies -- The Activation of Renin-Angiotensin System -- Calcification in Aortic Stenosis -- AORTIC REGURGITATION -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Aortic Root Pathologies -- INTRODUCTION -- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY -- HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHANGES -- AORTIC ROOT PATHOLOGIES -- Aging -- Aneurysm -- Poststenotic Dilatation -- Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm With/Without Rupture -- Pseudoaneurysm -- Dilatation Associated With Congenital Heart Diseases.

Aortic Root Abscess -- Aorto-Left Ventricular Tunnel -- Porcelain Aorta -- Supravalvular Stenosis -- Aortic Dissection -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Cellular Mechanisms of Ascending Aortic Aneurysms -- STRUCTURE, SIZE, AND LOCATION OF AORTA -- DIAGNOSIS AND RISK FACTORS OF ASCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSM -- CHARACTERIZATION OF ASCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSMS -- CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ASCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSM -- Endothelial Cells -- Smooth Muscle Cells -- Fibroblasts -- Immune Cells -- Elastin -- Collagen -- Microfibrils and Fibrillin -- Fibulin -- ADDITIONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN ASCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSM -- POTENTIAL DRUG TREATMENTS FOR ASCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSM -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Mathematical Modeling of Aortic Aneurysm Progression -- INTRODUCTION -- MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA -- PETRI NET-BASED MODEL OF AORTIC ANEURYSM PROGRESSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Genetic Basis of Aortic Disease -- SYNDROMIC THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS AND DISSECTIONS -- Marfan Syndrome -- Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanisms -- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome -- Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanisms -- Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes -- Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanisms -- Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome -- Cutis Laxa -- Turner Syndrome -- Noonan Syndrome -- Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome -- MASS Phenotype -- NONSYNDROMIC THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS AND DISSECTIONS -- Familial TAAD -- Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanisms -- Bicuspid Aortic Valve With Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm -- Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanisms -- Persistent Patent Ductus Arteriosus With Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - Congenital Malformations (Bicuspid, Right Aortic Arch, Coarctation) -- INTRODUCTION -- BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE AND ASSOCIATED AORTOPATHY -- Newer Developments -- RIGHT AORTIC ARCH.

Newer Developments -- COARCTATION -- Newer Developments -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Guilt by Association: Paradigm for Detection of Silent Aortic Aneurysms -- INTRODUCTION -- INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM -- AORTIC ARCH ANOMALIES -- ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM -- BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE -- A POSITIVE THUMB-PALM SIGN -- FAMILY HISTORY OF AORTIC DISEASE -- SIMPLE RENAL CYSTS -- GIANT CELL ARTERITIS (AND OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS) -- Other Conditions-Ongoing Research -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Inflammatory Diseases (Takayasu, Giant Cell Arteritis, Behçet Disease) -- VASCULAR INFLAMMATION-CENTRAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS, GIANT CELL ARTERITIS, AND BEHÇET DISEASE -- BIOMARKERS IN INFLAMMATORY VASCULITIS -- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC INFLAMMATION -- PLEIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INFLAMMATORY VASCULITIS -- Corticosteroids and Cytotoxic Agents -- Future Therapies -- B Cell Depletion -- REFERENCES -- II - Diagnostic Evaluation Methods -- 12 - Chest X-Ray in Aortic Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- CAPABILITIES OF THE PLAIN CHEST X-RAY -- DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROME -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Echocardiography in Aortic Valve Stenosis -- DEGENERATIVE AORTIC STENOSIS -- RHEUMATIC AORTIC STENOSIS -- CONGENITAL AORTIC STENOSIS -- QUANTIFICATION OF AORTIC STENOSIS -- CALCULATING THE JET VELOCITY AND THE TRANSAORTIC PRESSURE GRADIENT -- AORTIC VALVE AREA -- SPECIAL VARIETIES OF VALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS -- LOW-FLOW, LOW-GRADIENT AORTIC STENOSIS WITH REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION -- PARADOXICAL LOW-FLOW, LOW-GRADIENT AORTIC STENOSIS -- AORTIC STENOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A NONCOMPLIANT LEFT VENTRICLE, WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION -- AORTIC STENOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTOLIC AORTIC REGURGITATION -- STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ASYMPTOMATIC AORTIC STENOSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

14 - Echocardiographic Assessment of the Aorta -- INTRODUCTION -- ECHOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NORMAL THORACIC AORTA -- Normal Anatomy and Dimensions of the Thoracic Aorta -- Echocardiography for the Assessment of Thoracic Aorta -- ECHOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PATHOLOGY OF THORACIC AORTA -- Acute Aortic Syndrome -- Chronic Aortic Conditions -- Intraoperative and Postsurgical Echocardiographic Assessment -- DUPLEX ULTRASOUND AND OTHER ECHOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ABDOMINAL AORTA -- Sonographic Anatomy -- Scanning Technique by Duplex Ultrasound and Normal Appearance of Abdominal Aorta -- Echographical Assessment of Abdominal Aorta Diseases -- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm -- Abdominal Aortic Dissection -- Abdominal Aortic Stenosis -- Choice of the Imaging Modality -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 15 - Echocardiography in Acute Aortic Syndromes -- ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROMES: CLASSIFICATION, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, AND MANAGEMENT -- Definition, Pathophysiology, and Classification -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Presentation and Prognosis -- ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROME -- Transthoracic Echocardiography -- Transesophageal Echocardiography -- Comprehensive Echocardiographic Management of Acute Aortic Syndrome -- PERIOPERATIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 16 - Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Assessment of Aortic Valve and Aortic Root Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ROLE IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC VALVE DISEASE -- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ROLE IN EVALUATION OF AORTIC STENOSIS -- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ROLE IN EVALUATION OF AORTIC REGURGITATION -- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ROLE IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC ROOT DISEASE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

17 - 3D Virtual Intravascular Endoscopy of Aortic Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- VIRTUAL INTRAVASCULAR ENDOSCOPY -- VIRTUAL INTRAVASCULAR ENDOSCOPY OF AORTIC ANEURYSM -- VIRTUAL INTRAVASCULAR ENDOSCOPY OF AORTIC DISSECTION -- VIRTUAL INTRAVASCULAR ENDOSCOPY OF ENDOVASCULAR STENT GRAFTS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 18 - CT Angiography -- INTRODUCTION -- CT ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE AORTA -- CT Angiographic Technique -- CT Protocols -- Image Postprocessing -- Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies -- Normal Aortic Anatomy -- ABNORMALITIES OF THE AORTA -- Congenital Anomalies -- Atherosclerosis -- Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease -- Aneurysms -- Inflammatory Diseases -- Aortic Fistulas -- Aortic Masses -- Preoperative and Postoperative Evaluation of the Aorta -- Acute Aortic Syndrome -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 19 - Magnetic Resonance Angiography -- INTRODUCTION -- PATIENT PREPARATION, IMAGING TECHNIQUE, AND DATA POSTPROCESSING -- NORMAL AORTA -- AORTIC ANEURYSM -- ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROMES -- AORTITIS -- AORTIC STENOSIS -- AORTIC COARCTATION -- FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 - CT and MRI in Acute Aortic Syndrome -- INTRODUCTION -- CHOICE OF IMAGING MODALITY -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE AORTA -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE AORTA -- AORTIC DISSECTION -- INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA -- PENETRATING AORTIC ULCER -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 21 - Dual-Energy CT of Aortic Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLES OF DECT -- DECT TECHNIQUES -- IMAGE WEIGHTING FACTOR -- VIRTUAL NONCONTRAST IMAGES -- VIRTUAL MONOCHROMATIC IMAGING -- ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION -- CONTRAST MEDIUM DOSE -- APPLICATIONS OF DECTA IN AORTIC DISEASE -- Aortic Dissection -- Aortic Aneurysm -- Endoleak Detection -- RADIATION DOSE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- III - Treatment -- 22 - Current Status of Medical Therapy of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection.

INTRODUCTION.

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