Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Language and Thought.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Speech Perception -- Introduction -- What Speech Is -- What Speech Perception Entails -- Stages of Perceptual Processing -- Auditory Preprocessing -- Prelexical Segmental Processing -- Prelexical Suprasegmental Processing -- Lexical Form Processing -- Flow of Information: How Do the Different Stages Talk to Each Other? -- Cascaded Processing -- Segmentalâ€"Suprasegmental Cross-Talk -- No Online Top-Down Informational Feedback -- Summary -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Speech Production -- Introduction -- Basic Principles of Production -- Independent Levels of Representation/Processing -- Parallel Activation and Interaction -- Selection and Structure-Sensitive Sequencing -- Basic Organizational Principles of Production -- How Does Production Interface With Other Cognitive Systems? -- Monitoring -- Executive Control -- Intentions -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 3: Word Processing -- Introduction -- Representations in Word Processing -- Lexical Semantics as Grounded in Sensorimotor Systems -- Lexical Semantics as Statistical Patterns in the Language -- Integrating Different Approaches -- Processing Semantically Ambiguous Words -- Meaning Frequency -- The Role of Linguistic Context -- The Maintenance of Meanings Beyond Initial Processing -- Neuroscientific Processing of Ambiguous Words -- Linking Up Processing With Representation -- Putting Words in Context -- Prior Context -- Concurrent Context -- Subsequent Context -- Context in the Framework of Inferential Language Processing -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Sentence Processing -- Introduction -- Syntactic Parsing -- Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution and Parsing.

The Distinct Neural Processes of Syntactic and Semantic Analysis -- The Role of Stored Knowledge in Sentence Interpretation -- Grammatical Knowledge is Stored and Retrieved with the Words -- Semantic Knowledge and Memory -- Prediction -- Lexical-Semantic Prediction -- Predicting Word Forms -- Implications of Prediction -- Maintenance, Control, and Reanalysis -- Complex Sentences -- Individual Differences in Processing Resources -- The Role of the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex in Processing Sentences -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Discourse and Dialogue -- Introduction -- Background and Classic Issues -- Experimental Traditions in Discourse and Dialogue -- From Words to Discourse -- Linguistic Variability: Every Difference Makes a Difference -- Models of Discourse and Dialogue -- Models of Discourse -- Models of Dialogue Structure and Coordination -- Future Directions, Emerging Trends -- Spoken Dialogue Systems -- Neural Bases of Discourse and Dialogue -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Reading -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- The Building Blocks of the Reading System -- Computational Models of Reading -- The Neural Basis of Reading -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bilingualism -- Introduction -- Models of Bilingual Processing -- The Revised Hierarchical Model -- The BIA and BIA+ Model -- The Inhibitory Control Model -- Bilingualism and Its Consequences -- The Consequences of Bilingualism for Language Processing -- The Consequences of Bilingualism for Cognition -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: Categorization and Concepts -- Introduction -- What Are Concepts? -- Concepts, Categories, and Internal Representations -- Equivalence Classes -- What Do Concepts Do for Us? -- Components of Thought -- Inductive Predictions -- Communication -- Cognitive Economy -- How Are Concepts Represented?.

Rules -- Prototypes -- Exemplars -- Category Boundaries -- Theories -- Summary to Representation Approaches -- Connecting Concepts -- Connecting Concepts to Perception -- Connecting Concepts to Language -- How to Improve Category Learning? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Semantic Memory -- What Is Semantic Memory? -- What Is Semantic Memory For? -- What Is the Structure and Organization of Semantic Memory? -- What Is a Concept Made Of? -- How Are Concepts Organized? -- Summary of the Structure and Organization of Semantic Memory -- How Is Semantic Memory Acquired? -- Individual Differences in Semantic Memory -- Differences in Categorization -- Expertise-Induced Differences -- Bodily Induced Differences -- Summary of Individual Differences in Semantic Memory -- Which Brain Regions Support Semantic Memory, and How? -- Computational Models of Semantic Representation -- Passive Co-Occurrence Models -- Latent Abstraction Models -- Predictive Models -- Bayesian Models -- Retrieval-Based Models -- Challenges for Distributional Semantic Models -- Summary of Computational Models of Semantic Representation -- Semantic Memory: A Common Thread, and a Look Ahead -- The Roles of Abstraction -- Can Abstraction Help Explain the Representation of Abstract Concepts and Features? -- Is There Differential Reliance on Different Types of Semantic Information Across Development and Across Levels Of Abstraction? -- An Integrated Memory System -- Episodic, Implicit, and Semantic Memories -- Do Concepts Really Change Across Time and Differ Among Individuals? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Embodiment and Grounding in Cognitive Neuroscience -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- Issue 1: Cognitivism Versus Embodied and Grounded Cognitive Science -- Issue 2: A Taxonomy of Embodied and Grounded Approaches.

Issue 3: The Conceptualization Hypothesis in Cognitive Neuroscience -- Recent/Emerging Trends -- Issue 4: Major Themes Arising in Grounded Cognitive Research -- Future Directions -- Issue 5: Consequences of Grounding for Cognitive Neuroscience -- Issue 6: Major Critiques -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Reasoning -- Introduction -- Core Inference: Deduction, Induction, and Abduction -- What Counts As a Rational Deduction? -- Logic and Its Limitations -- Probability and Uncertainty -- Models of Possibilities -- Summary -- What's the Relation Between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning? -- Probabilistic Reasoning -- Default Reasoning -- Summary -- How Do People Create Explanations? -- Causality and Explanatory Reasoning -- Evaluating Explanatory Fitness -- Explanatory Heuristics -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Definitions and Terms -- References -- Chapter 12: Moral Reasoning -- Introduction -- How People Make Moral Judgments -- Mental States Matter for Moral Judgment -- Mental States Matter Differently Across Moral Domains -- Mental States Matter More for Judgments of Actions Impacting Other People -- How People Interact With Others -- Affiliation and Cooperation -- Competition and Deception -- Theory of Mind for Cooperation and Competition -- When Social Interactions Lead to Less Consideration of Mental States -- Consideration of Others' Minds May Improve Interpersonal and Intergroup Relations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Creativity -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- Issues of Definition and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Creativity -- Issues of Measurement in the Study of Creativity -- Theoretical Perspectives to the Experimental Study of Creativity -- Recent Trends -- Creativity and the Brain -- Insight -- Unconscious Processing: Incubation, Mind Wandering, and Sleep -- Creativity and Affect.

Spontaneous and Controlled Processing in Creative Thought -- Future Directions -- Creativity Networks -- Enhancing Creativity -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: Culture and Cognition -- Introduction -- Cultural Influences on Cognition -- Holistic and Analytic Thinking Styles -- Attention and Perception -- Categorization -- Memory -- Causal Attribution -- Cognitive Heuristics, Judgments, and Decision Making -- Culture and Time -- Cultural Products and Practices -- Language -- Physical Environments -- Paintings and Drawings -- Social Media -- Hypothesis and Models of Culture and Cognition -- Social Orientation Hypothesis -- Philosophical Traditions -- Social Class -- Ecology and Environment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Three Kinds of Spatial Cognition -- Introduction -- The View From Psychometrics -- A New Typology -- Different Evolutionary Roots -- Distinguishing Behavioral Characteristics -- Distinct Neural Bases -- Navigation -- Object Representation and Transformation -- Navigation: Current Knowledge, Future Directions -- Object Encoding and Transformation: Current Knowledge, Future Directions -- Refining the Typology -- Learning and Development -- Commonalities -- Egocentric Frameworks -- Quantitative and Qualitative Coding -- Bayesian Combination -- Scale Translation -- Spatializing as a Symbolic Tool -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: The Neurocognitive Bases of Numerical Cognition -- Introduction -- Insights From Developmental and Experimental Psychology -- Preverbal Numerical Mechanisms -- Numerical Skills in Infants -- Nonsymbolic and Symbolic Numerical Processing in Children and Adults -- Numbers and Space -- The Interaction Between Numerical and Physical Magnitude: The Size Congruity Effect -- Arithmetic Facts and Mental Calculation -- Numerical Processes and Mathematical Achievement.

Insights From Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience.

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