Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields : From Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) to Radiofrequency.

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Concepts of Electromagnetic Fields -- 1.1. Concepts of fields -- 1.1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.2. Electric fields -- 1.1.3. Magnetic fields -- 1.1.4. Introduction to electromagnetic fields -- 1.2. Waves, frequencies and wavelengths -- 1.2.1. Waves -- 1.2.2. Frequencies and periods -- 1.2.3. Wavelengths -- 1.3. Propagation of electromagnetic waves -- 1.3.1. Propagation in free space -- 1.3.2. Polarization of the wave -- 1.3.3. Near field/far field -- 1.3.4. Propagation in a real environment -- 1.3.5. Summary of electromagnetic waves -- 1.4. Type of radiation -- 1.4.1. Ionizing radiations -- 1.4.2. Non-ionizing radiations -- 1.4.3. Electromagnetic spectrum -- 1.4.4. Frequency bands -- 1.4.5. Area of exposure to electromagnetic fields -- 1.4.6. Summary of electromagnetic radiations -- 2. Sources of Electromagnetic Fields -- 2.1. Natural fields -- 2.1.1. Electric fields -- 2.1.2. Magnetic fields -- 2.1.3. Electromagnetic fields -- 2.2. Artificial fields -- 2.2.1. Static and quasi-static fields -- 2.2.2. Low-frequency fields -- 2.2.3. HF fields -- 2.2.4. Summary of sources -- 3. Biophysical Mechanisms -- 3.1. Interactions with matter -- 3.1.1. Matter exposed to an electric field -- 3.1.2. Matter exposed to a magnetic field -- 3.1.3. Summary of matter -- 3.2. Interaction with biological tissues -- 3.2.1. Electrical characteristics of biological tissues -- 3.2.2. Summary of biological tissues -- 3.2.3. Penetration of fields in biological tissues -- 3.2.4. Wave absorption and specific absorption rate -- 3.2.5. Summary of field absorption -- 3.3. Coupling with the human body -- 3.3.1. Low-frequency electric field coupling -- 3.3.2. Low-frequency magnetic field coupling -- 3.3.3. Electromagnetic field coupling -- 3.3.4. Summary of coupling mechanisms.

4. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields -- 4.1. Direct effects -- 4.1.1. Direct effects of low-frequency fields -- 4.1.2. Direct effects of static magnetic fields (&lt -- 1 Hz) -- 4.1.3. Direct effects at frequencies between 100 kHz and 300 GHz -- 4.1.4. Summary of direct biological effects -- 4.1.5. Long-term effects of electromagnetic fields -- 4.2. Indirect effects -- 4.2.1. General -- 4.2.2. Indirect effects caused by contact currents -- 4.2.3. Indirect effects caused by static magnetic fields -- 5. Exposure Limits for Electromagnetic Fields -- 5.1. General considerations -- 5.1.1. Recommendation 1999/519/EC -- 5.1.2. Directive 2013/35/EU -- 5.2. Low-frequency limits for direct effects -- 5.2.1. Basic restrictions, ELVs at low frequencies -- 5.2.2. Reference levels or action levels at low frequencies -- 5.3. Limits for magnetic fields &lt -- 1 Hz for direct effects -- 5.3.1. Basic restrictions for static magnetic fields -- 5.3.2. Basic restrictions for quasi-static magnetic fields -- 5.3.3. Reference levels for static magnetic fields -- 5.4. High frequency limits for direct effects -- 5.4.1. High-frequency basic restrictions or ELVs -- 5.4.2. High-frequency reference levels and action values -- 5.4.3. Limits for induced currents -- 5.4.4. Summary of limits for high frequencies -- 5.5. Limits for indirect effects -- 5.5.1. Limits for contact currents -- 5.5.2. Limits for electric fields, indirect effects -- 5.5.3. Limits for static magnetic fields, indirect effects -- 5.6. Summary of exposure limits -- 5.7. People at particular risk -- 5.7.1. People with medical devices -- 5.7.2. Active medical devices -- 5.7.3. Passive medical devices -- 5.7.4. Limits for active implants -- 5.7.5. Pregnant women -- 6. Exposure Indices -- 6.1. General introduction -- 6.2. Signals and definitions -- 6.2.1. Sinusoidal signal -- 6.2.2. Complex signal.

6.2.3. rms value of a complex signal (example) -- 6.3. Introduction to exposure indices -- 6.4. Exposure index for high-frequency fields -- 6.4.1. Exposure to a single frequency greater than 100 kHz -- 6.4.2. Exposure to multiple frequencies -- 6.5. Exposure Index for low-frequency fields -- 6.5.1. Exposure to a low-frequency sinusoidal signal -- 6.5.2. Exposure to a signal of complex form -- 6.5.3. Comparison of weighted peak techniques -- 6.6. EIs: contact currents and induced currents -- 6.7. Summary of exposure indices -- 7. Applications of Exposure Indices -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Theoretical signals -- 7.2.1. Example 1: two incoherent sinusoidal signals with similar frequencies -- 7.2.2. Example 2: signal made up of two coherent sinusoidal signals (influence of the phase) -- 7.2.3. Example 3: signal made up of two sinusoidal signals with very different frequencies -- 7.2.4. Example 4: burst -- 7.2.5. Example 5: "chopped" sinusoidal signal -- 7.2.6. Example 6: square signal -- 7.3. Real signals -- 7.3.1. Example 7: hand-held electric drill -- 7.3.2. Example 8: welding gun -- 7.3.3. Example 9: transcranial stimulation device -- 7.4. Conclusion on the index calculation examples -- 8. Exposure Assessment -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.1.1. Theoretical approach -- 8.1.2. Numerical approach -- 8.1.3. Metrological approach -- 8.2. Measurement: general -- 8.2.1. Process -- 8.2.2. Measuring device requirements -- 8.3. Measuring low-frequency fields -- 8.3.1. General -- 8.3.2. Measuring low-frequency magnetic fields -- 8.3.3. Measuring a static magnetic field -- 8.3.4. Measuring low-frequency electric fields -- 8.4. Measuring high-frequency electromagnetic fields -- 8.4.1. General -- 8.4.2. Measuring sensors for electromagnetic fields -- 8.4.3. Measuring device for high-frequency electromagnetic fields.

8.4.4. Measuring high-Frequency electromagnetic fields -- 8.4.5. Calibration of the measuring chain for electromagnetic fields -- 8.4.6. Sources of uncertainty in measurements of HF electromagnetic fields -- 8.5. Measuring the contact current and induced current -- 8.5.1. Measuring the contact current (indirect effect) -- 8.5.2. Measuring an induced current (direct effect) -- 8.6. Introduction to dosimetry -- 8.6.1. Definition -- 8.6.2. Experimental dosimetry -- 8.6.3. Theoretical dosimetry -- 8.6.4. Summary of dosimetry -- 9. Implementation of Directive 2013/35/EU -- 9.1. Context of the directive -- 9.1.1. Introduction -- 9.1.2. EMF directive development -- 9.2. Implementation of the directive -- 9.2.1. Introduction -- 9.2.2. Preliminary phase -- 9.2.3. Risk assessment -- 9.2.4. Risk prevention -- 9.2.5. Other activities -- Appendix 1. Equipment and Workplaces Classification -- A1.1. Non-exhaustive list of equipment and workplaces where it is unlikely that electromagnetic fields would be a risk for most workers -- A1.2. Non-exhaustive list of equipment where electromagnetic fields may pose a risk to ALL workers -- A1.3. Non-exhaustive list of equipment in addition to those in table A1.2 where electromagnetic fields may pose a risk to workers at particular risk, i.e. pregnant workers or workers with passive implanted medical devices (excluding workers with active implanted medical devices) -- A1.4. Non-exhaustive list of equipment in addition to those in tables A1.2 and A1.3 where electromagnetic fields may pose a risk to workers at particular risk, i.e. workers with active implanted and active body worn medical devices -- Appendix 2. Weighting Filters -- A2.1. Weighting filter: introduction -- A2.2. Weighting according to the EMF Directive (ICNIRP 2010) -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index -- Other titles from iSTE in Waves -- EULA.

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