Legality.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Historical Prologue -- 1. In the Beginning -- 2. The Discovery of Invisible, Unbelievably Energetic Radiations -- 3. The Development of a Radiation Technology -- 4. The Need for Radiation Protection -- Part One. Energy-The Unifying Concept in Radiation Protection -- Chapter 1. Radiation's Dual Identity -- 1.1. From Energy to Radiation Dose -- Chapter 2. Energy Relationships in the Hydrogen Atom -- Chapter 3. Energy Levels in Atoms with Higher Z -- Chapter 4. Energy Levels in Molecules -- Chapter 5. Energies of Motion Associated with Temperature -- Chapter 6. Bonding Energies -- Chapter 7. Energy from Mass-The Ultimate Energy Source -- Chapter 8. Some Interesting Energy Values -- Part Two. Principles of Protection against Ionizing Particles -- Chapter 1. The Approach -- Chapter 2. Energy and Injury -- Chapter 3. Charged and Uncharged Ionizing Particles -- Chapter 4. Energy Transfer by Charged Particles -- Chapter 5. The Stopping Power Equation -- Chapter 6. Beta Particles-A Major Class of Charged Ionizing Particles -- 6.1. Properties of Some Common Beta-Emitting Radionuclides -- 6.2. Protection from External Beta Particle Sources-Time, Distance, and Shielding -- Chapter 7. Characteristics of Uncharged Ionizing Particles -- Chapter 8. Gamma Rays-A Major Class of Uncharged Ionizing Particles -- 8.1. Energies and Penetration of Gamma Rays from Some Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides -- 8.2. Positron-Emitting Radionuclides and Annihilation Radiation -- 8.3. The Three Major Mechanisms Affecting the Penetration of Gamma Radiation -- 8.4. Attenuation Coefficients of Gamma Photons in Different Materials -- 8.5. Calculation of Attenuation of Gamma Photons by the Half-Value Layer Method -- 8.6. Protection from Gamma Sources-Time, Distance, Shielding -- Chapter 9. Heavy Charged Ionizing Particles.

9.1. The Alpha Particle-A Heavy Particle with High Linear Energy Transfer and High Capacity for Producing Damage -- 9.2. The Proton-Another Heavy Charged Particle with High Linear Energy Transfer -- Chapter 10. The Neutron-A Second Important Uncharged Ionizing Particle -- 10.1. Sources of Neutrons -- 10.2. Neutron Collisions -- 10.3. Attenuation of Neutrons -- Chapter 11. The Absorbed Dose-A Measure of Energy Imparted to a Medium -- 11.1. The Pattern of the Imparted Energy in a Medium -- 11.2. Definition of Absorbed Dose -- 11.3. The Gray-The SI Unit for Absorbed Dose -- Chapter 12. The Equivalent Dose-A Common Scale for Doses to Organs and Tissues from Different Radiation Types and Energies -- 12.1. The Radiation Weighting Factor and the Quality Factor-Measures of the Relative Hazard of Energy Transfer by Different Particles -- 12.2. The Sievert-The Special Unit of Equivalent Dose -- Chapter 13. Tissue Weighting Factors and the Effective Dose-A Measure of Risk and Severity of Consequences -- Chapter 14. The Roentgen-The Traditional Unit for Expressing Radiation Exposure -- Chapter 15. The Significance of External Radiation Levels -- Chapter 16. Exposure from Internal Radiation Sources -- 16.1. The Activity-A Quantity for Describing the Amount of Radio activity -- 16.2. The Unit of Activity-The Becquerel -- 16.3. The Accumulating Dose from Radioactivity in the Body and the Committed Dose -- Chapter 17. The Annual Limit on Intake-The Basic Quantity for the Controlof Internal Exposures -- Chapter 18. Limit for the Concentration of a Radionuclide in Air-A Derived Limit -- Chapter 19. Levels of Radioactivity inside the Body-A Useful Benchmarkfor Internal Exposure -- Chapter 20. Protection from Radioactive Contamination -- Chapter 21. Some Simple Calculations in Radiation Protection -- 21.1. Dose from Beta Particles.

21.2. Exposure Rate and Dose Rate from Gamma Photons -- 21.3. Reduction of Dose Rate by Both Distance and Shielding -- 21.4. Correction for Radioactive Decay -- 21.5. Shielding of Large or Complex Sources -- Chapter 22. X Rays-Radiation Made by Machine -- 22.1. Production of X Rays -- 22.2 Diagnostic Radiology -- 22.3 X-Ray Attenuation in the Body -- 22.4 Effects of Photon Energy Distribution on Image Formation and Absorbed Dose -- 22.5 A Description of an X-Ray Machine -- 22.6 Production of a Photograph of the X-Ray Image -- 22.7 Fluoroscopy -- 22.8 Mammography -- 22.9 Computed Tomography: Taking Cross Sections with X Rays -- 22.10 Technical Approaches for Minimizing the Doses Required to Record an X Ray -- 22.11 Impact of the Digital Computer in Radiation Medicine -- Chapter 23. Dose Measurements in Diagnostic Radiology -- Chapter 24. Exposure Guides and Reference Levels in Diagnostic Radiology -- Chapter 25. Protection of the Patient in X-Ray Diagnosis -- 25.1. Principles -- 25.2. Policy of the International Commission on Radiological Protection -- 25.3. Studies in the United Kingdom -- 25.4. Radiography of the Spine in Scoliosis Patients-A Prime Candidatefor Dose Reduction -- 25.5. Screening for Specific Diseases -- Chapter 26. Radiation Levels in the Working Areas around X-Ray Machines -- 26.1. Shielding the X-Ray Beam -- Chapter 27. Dose Reduction in Nuclear Medicine -- Chapter 28. Exposure of the Embryo, Fetus, or Nursing Child -- Chapter 29. Protection of the Patient in Radiation Therapy -- 29.1. Treatment with External Radiation Beams -- 29.2. Brachytherapy -- 29.3. Therapeutic Use of Radiopharmaceuticals -- Chapter 30. Misadministrations in the Medical Use of Radiation and Radioactive Material -- Chapter 31. Occupational Exposures Incurred in the Medical Use of Radiation.

31.1. Studies of Occupational Exposures in the Conduct of Specific Procedures -- Chapter 32. Comments for Users of X-Ray Diffraction Machines -- Chapter 33. Particle Accelerators-The Universal Radiation Source -- 33.1. History of Particle Accelerators -- 33.2. Interactions of High-Energy Particles -- 33.3. Shielding High-Energy Particles -- 33.4. Particle Accelerators in Radiation Therapy -- Chapter 34. Regulation of Radiation Sources and Uses -- 34.1. Regulatory Measures for Medical Radiation Programs -- Part Three. Radiation Dose Calculations -- Chapter 1. Dose from Beta-Emitting Radionuclides inside the Body -- 1.1 Calculating the Initial Dose Rate -- 1.2 Dose Calculations for a Decaying Radionuclide -- 1.3 Some Relationships Governing Radioactive Decay -- 1.4 Relationships Involving Both Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination -- 1.5 Absorbed Beta Dose over a Period of Time -- Chapter 2. A Closer Look at the Dose from Beta Particles -- 2.1 Beta Particle Point Source Dose-Rate Functions -- 2.2 Evaluation of Beta Particle Dose from the Fluence and Stopping Power -- Chapter 3. Calculation of the Absorbed Dose from Gamma Emitters in the Body -- 3.1 Dose Rate from a Point Source of Photons-The Specific Dose-Rate Constant for Tissue -- 3.2 Evaluation of the Specific Dose-Rate Constant -- 3.3 Dose Rate from Distributed Gamma Sources -- 3.4 The Absorbed-Fraction Method-Dose within the Source Volume -- 3.5 Dose to Targets outside the Source Volume by the Absorbed-Fraction Method -- 3.6 The Specific Absorbed Fraction-Sparing the Need to Divide by the Target Mass -- 3.7 Use of the Equilibrium Dose Constant-Computer-Generated Source Output Data -- 3.8 The S Factor-Doses from Cumulated Activity -- Chaptet 4. Summary of Formulas -- 4.1 Radioactive Decay -- 4.2 Physical Decay and Biological Elimination.

4.3 Dose from Nonpenetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters -- 4.4 Dose from Penetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters -- 4.5 Inverse Square Law -- 4.6 Dose Rates at a Distance from Gamma Sources -- 4.7 Attenuation of Radiation -- 4.8 Equivalent Dose -- Chapter 5. Dose Calculations for Specific Radionuclides -- 5.1 Hydrogen-3 (Tritium) -- 5.2 Iodine-131 and Iodine-125 -- 5.3 Strontium-90 → Yttrium-90 → Zirconium- -- 5.4 Xenon-133 and Krypton-85 -- 5.5 Uranium-238 and Its Decay Products -- 5.6 Radon-222 and Its Decay Products -- 5.7 Plutonium-239 and Plutonium-240 -- Chapter 6. Dose Rates from Small, Highly Radioactive Particles -- 6.1 Evaluation of the Dose from Beta Particles -- 6.2 Biological Effects of Hot Particles -- 6.3 Risk of Cancer from Hot Particles -- 6.4 Highly Radioactive Particles in Fallout -- 6.5 Recommendations of the NCRP on Limits of Exposure to Hot Particles -- 6.6 NRC Enforcement Policy for Exposures to Hot Particles -- Chapter 7. The Radioactive Patient as a Source of Exposure -- Chapter 8. Radiation Doses in Nuclear Medicine -- 8.1. Dose to the Fetus from Uptake of Radionuclides from the Mother -- Chapter 9. Evaluation of Doses within the Body from X Rays -- 9.1. Patient Doses in Mammography -- 9.2. Evaluation of Doses in CT Examinations -- Chapter 10. Survey Results, Handbooks, and the Internet -- 10.1. Surveys of Doses in X-Ray Examinations -- Chapter 11. Producing an Optimum Radiation Field for Treating a Tumor -- Part Four. Radiation Measurements -- Chapter 1. Radiation Counting with a Geiger-Mueller Counter -- 1.1. A G-M Counter Described -- 1.2. Adjusting the High Voltage on a G-M Counter and Obtaining a Plateau -- 1.3. How a G-M Counter Can Lose Counts and Even Become Paralyzed -- 1.4. How to Distinguish between Beta and Gamma Radiation with a G-M Counter.

1.5. How to Determine Source Strength of a Beta Emitter with a G-M Counter.

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