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Dariali : The Joint Georgian-British Dariali Gorge Excavations and Surveys Of 2013-2016.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: British Institute of Persian Studies, Archaeological Monograph SeriesPublisher: Havertown : Oxbow Books, Limited, 2020Copyright date: ©2020Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (1072 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781789251951
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Dariali: the 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle AgesDDC classification:
  • 930.1
LOC classification:
  • CC165 .S284 2020
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Book title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Section A: Preliminaries -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Summary -- 1.2. Geography -- 1.3. Site chronology -- 1.4. Ethnic/political terms -- 1.5. Technical notes -- Section B: Excavations and survey -- Chapter 2. Late antique buildings occupied to the Late Middle Ages: life over one millennium on Dariali Fort (Trench F) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) -- 2.3. Mid-seventh/early eighth-century power vacuum (Phase 4) -- 2.4. The early medieval zenith of activity (eighth to tenth/eleventh centuries AD/Phase 5) -- 2.5. The late medieval Georgian castle and renewed activity between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD (Phase 6b) -- 2.6. Gunmen's backyard: modern activity in the west of the fort (Phase 7b) -- Chapter 3. Towering over the northern approaches: late antique buildings, medieval food storage and modern military (Trench Q) -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) -- 3.3. The seventh to early eighth century: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: political upheaval and archaeological continuity (Phase 4) -- 3.4. Resurgence: dry-stone building boom and life from the eighth to the tenth/eleventh centuries (Phase 5) -- 3.5. A derelict backyard in the medieval castle (Phases 5b-6b) -- 3.6. Attempting to halt Soviet aggression (Phase 7b) -- Chapter 4. Barrier, bastion and aqueduct: sondages and surveys on and around Dariali Fort (Trenches L, X and O) -- 4.1. A tower at the southern approaches to the Dariali Fort: Trench L (Phases 3-5) -- 4.2. Buried beyond reach: in search of the earliest occupation debris at the base of Dariali Fort's steep western cliffs: Trench X (Phases 5-7).
4.3. A modern military shelter: Trench O (Phase 7b) -- 4.4. A gated road-blocking wall west of the fort (Phases 3a-5b/c?) -- 4.5. Vital water supply: piped water from the mountains above and staircase to the river below (Phase 3a-d?) -- Chapter 5. Extramural areas south of the fort: two-and-a-half millennia of traffic and two millennia of food production in the shadow of the rock (Trenches P and M) -- 5.1. Trench P: 2,500-year-old campfires to medieval gardening and modern shelters at the base of the tower-crowned rock (Phases 2a-7b) -- 5.2. Extramural food production throughout the first millennium: Trench M (Phases 2b-5) -- Chapter 6. Dariali early medieval cemetery (Trenches E, G and AB): Eberhard W. Sauer, Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Annamaria Diana, Elena Kranioti and Konstantin Pitskhelauri -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Garden plots or arable fields? Pre-cemetery activity in the area of Trenches E, G and AB (Phases 2/3-5) -- 6.3. Trench E: collective graves of the first phase (5a-b) of the cemetery -- 6.4. Trench G: individual adult, adolescent and child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5b-c) -- 6.5. Trench AB: individual child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5c) -- 6.6. Burials beyond our trenches (Phase 5b-c) -- 6.7. The chronology of the cemetery (Phase 5) -- 6.8. The early medieval cemetery and the religion of the garrison (Phase 5) -- 6.9. The early medieval cemetery, the ethnicity of the garrison and its connections to the outside world (Phase 5) -- Chapter 7. The Caspian Gates? Bakht'ari fortified ridge: first line of defence and northernmost barrier (Trench Y/Phase 3) -- Chapter 8. Medieval Gveleti Fort: valley-blocking cliff-top bastion and royal refuge from the Mongols (Trenches C, D, N, U, V and W) -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Living on top of the cliff-edge in early modern times: Trench C (Phase 7a).
8.3. Trench D: early medieval to early modern occupation of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7a) -- 8.4. Trench N: early modern housing next to the lower fort's stone tower (Phase 7a) -- 8.5. Trench U: activity at the approaches to the upper fort in the era of royal residency (Phase 6b) -- 8.6. Trench V: medieval occupation south-west of the church (Phase 6a) -- 8.7. Trench W: a late medieval stone house (Phase 6b)? -- 8.8. The history of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7) -- Chapter 9. Elusive migration-era burials and enigmatic stone cairns: fieldwork near Gveleti Cemetery and in the Amali Valley (Trenches A, B, H, I, J, K, R, S, T, Z and AA) -- 9.1. In search of Gveleti Cemetery (Phases 3-7) -- 9.2. The enigmatic Amali Cairns and the power of nature: Trenches Z and AA -- Chapter 10. Landscape investigations in the Dariali Pass: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Lisa Snape, Lana Chologauri, Seth M.N. Priestman, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Landscape investigations in Khevi -- 10.3. The landscape survey in Khevi -- 10.4. Archaeological and historical landscapes of Khevi -- 10.5. Terrace field systems -- 10.6. Discussion -- 10.7. Dariali Pass Survey Site Gazetteer -- 10.8. Sedimentary descriptions from terrace field investigations -- Section C: Specialist contributions: finds, building materials, biological and environmental evidence and scientific dating -- Chapter 11. Provisioning and supply across an ancient frontier: the late antique and medieval ceramic sequence from the Dariali Gorge in the High Caucasus: Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Phase distribution and changing assemblage composition -- 11.3. Chronological development of the assemblage -- 11.4. Other changes in assemblage composition -- 11.5. Other assemblages -- 11.6. Discussion -- 11.7. Class catalogue.
11.8. Vessel types -- 11.9. Petrographic analysis and raw material provenance: Enrica Bonato and Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.10. Residue analysis of cooking pots by GCMS: Ben Stern and Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.11. Context dating from ceramic finds -- Chapter 12. Fragment of a ceramic vessel with an ancient Georgian inscription discovered at Dariali Fort: George Gagoshidze -- Chapter 13. Vessel glass from the Dariali Fort: Fiona Anne Mowat -- 13.1. The assemblage from Dariali -- 13.2. Methodology -- 13.3. Fabric classes -- 13.4. Chemical analysis -- 13.5. Site phasing and vessel circulation -- 13.6. Glass recycling, cullet and trade at Dariali -- 13.7. Descriptive catalogue by fabric type -- 13.8. Conclusion -- Chapter 14. Report of chemical compositional characterisation of glass fragments excavated from Dariali Fort (Georgia) by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis: Yoshinari Abe and Ryuji Shikaku -- 14.1. Materials and methods -- 14.2. Results and discussion -- 14.3. Conclusion -- Chapter 15. The small objects and other finds: Lana Chologauri, Ana Gabunia, Fiona Anne Mowat, Seth M.N. Priestman, Eberhard W. Sauer and St John Simpson, with an appendix by Scott Stetkiewicz -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Finds from the Dariali and Gveleti Forts and extramural areas -- 15.3. Finds from the cemetery -- 15.4. Conclusion -- 15.5. Appendix: Slag from the Dariali Fort: Scott Stetkiewicz -- Chapter 16. The sword from Grave G9 in the cemetery south of Dariali Fort: analytical and technological study and assessment: Brian Gilmour -- 16.1. Introduction and preliminary description -- 16.2. Analysis and technology of the sword blade -- 16.3. Discussion and conclusion -- Chapter 17. Ceramic building materials from Dariali Fort: Seth M.N. Priestman -- Chapter 18. Mortars from Dariali Fort and nearby fortifications: J. Riley Snyder and Martina Astolfi.
18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Materials and methods -- 18.3. Results -- 18.4. Discussion -- 18.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 19. Human skeletal remains: Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Elena Kranioti and Annamaria Diana -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Methodology -- 19.3. Taphonomy and state of preservation -- 19.4. Biological sex, age, ancestry and stature -- 19.5. Non-metric traits -- 19.6. Dentition -- 19.7. Dental attrition -- 19.8. Palaeopathology -- 19.9. Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH) -- 19.10. Caries, Dental calculus, Periodontitis, Periapical cavities and Ante-mortem Tooth loss -- 19.11. Osteoarthritis (OA) -- 19.12. Periostitis/Chronic Periostitis -- 19.13. Entheseal changes -- 19.14. Trauma -- 19.15. Conclusion -- Chapter 20. Dariali Cemetery stable isotope analysis: Catriona Pickard -- 20.1. Isotope analysis -- 20.2. Materials and methods -- 20.3. Results and discussion -- 20.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 21. Herding and hunting in the highlands from the Sasanian to late medieval periods -- 21.1. The archaeozoology of the Dariali Gorge: Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri, Homa Fathi, Roya Khazaeli, Karyne Debue, Delphine Decruyenaere, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Benoît Clavel, Safoora Kamjan, Rusudan Jajanidze and Eberhard W. Sauer -- 21.2. Fish remains: Valentin Radu and Eberhard W. Sauer -- 21.3. Microvertebrates: Emmanuelle Stoetzel, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Karyne Debue, Michel Lemoine and Marjan Mashkour -- Chapter 22. Plant remains: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh and Imogen Poole -- 22.1. Charcoal: Imogen Poole and Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- 22.2. Archaeobotany: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- 22.3. Vegetation history: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- Chapter 23. Archaeomagnetic studies of features excavated in Dariali Gorge: Cathy M. Batt, David P. Greenwood and Tehreem Kainaat -- 23.1. Abstract -- 23.2. Introduction -- 23.3. Background.
23.4. Archaeomagnetic sampling in the field.
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Cover -- Book title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Section A: Preliminaries -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Summary -- 1.2. Geography -- 1.3. Site chronology -- 1.4. Ethnic/political terms -- 1.5. Technical notes -- Section B: Excavations and survey -- Chapter 2. Late antique buildings occupied to the Late Middle Ages: life over one millennium on Dariali Fort (Trench F) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) -- 2.3. Mid-seventh/early eighth-century power vacuum (Phase 4) -- 2.4. The early medieval zenith of activity (eighth to tenth/eleventh centuries AD/Phase 5) -- 2.5. The late medieval Georgian castle and renewed activity between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD (Phase 6b) -- 2.6. Gunmen's backyard: modern activity in the west of the fort (Phase 7b) -- Chapter 3. Towering over the northern approaches: late antique buildings, medieval food storage and modern military (Trench Q) -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) -- 3.3. The seventh to early eighth century: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: political upheaval and archaeological continuity (Phase 4) -- 3.4. Resurgence: dry-stone building boom and life from the eighth to the tenth/eleventh centuries (Phase 5) -- 3.5. A derelict backyard in the medieval castle (Phases 5b-6b) -- 3.6. Attempting to halt Soviet aggression (Phase 7b) -- Chapter 4. Barrier, bastion and aqueduct: sondages and surveys on and around Dariali Fort (Trenches L, X and O) -- 4.1. A tower at the southern approaches to the Dariali Fort: Trench L (Phases 3-5) -- 4.2. Buried beyond reach: in search of the earliest occupation debris at the base of Dariali Fort's steep western cliffs: Trench X (Phases 5-7).

4.3. A modern military shelter: Trench O (Phase 7b) -- 4.4. A gated road-blocking wall west of the fort (Phases 3a-5b/c?) -- 4.5. Vital water supply: piped water from the mountains above and staircase to the river below (Phase 3a-d?) -- Chapter 5. Extramural areas south of the fort: two-and-a-half millennia of traffic and two millennia of food production in the shadow of the rock (Trenches P and M) -- 5.1. Trench P: 2,500-year-old campfires to medieval gardening and modern shelters at the base of the tower-crowned rock (Phases 2a-7b) -- 5.2. Extramural food production throughout the first millennium: Trench M (Phases 2b-5) -- Chapter 6. Dariali early medieval cemetery (Trenches E, G and AB): Eberhard W. Sauer, Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Annamaria Diana, Elena Kranioti and Konstantin Pitskhelauri -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Garden plots or arable fields? Pre-cemetery activity in the area of Trenches E, G and AB (Phases 2/3-5) -- 6.3. Trench E: collective graves of the first phase (5a-b) of the cemetery -- 6.4. Trench G: individual adult, adolescent and child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5b-c) -- 6.5. Trench AB: individual child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5c) -- 6.6. Burials beyond our trenches (Phase 5b-c) -- 6.7. The chronology of the cemetery (Phase 5) -- 6.8. The early medieval cemetery and the religion of the garrison (Phase 5) -- 6.9. The early medieval cemetery, the ethnicity of the garrison and its connections to the outside world (Phase 5) -- Chapter 7. The Caspian Gates? Bakht'ari fortified ridge: first line of defence and northernmost barrier (Trench Y/Phase 3) -- Chapter 8. Medieval Gveleti Fort: valley-blocking cliff-top bastion and royal refuge from the Mongols (Trenches C, D, N, U, V and W) -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Living on top of the cliff-edge in early modern times: Trench C (Phase 7a).

8.3. Trench D: early medieval to early modern occupation of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7a) -- 8.4. Trench N: early modern housing next to the lower fort's stone tower (Phase 7a) -- 8.5. Trench U: activity at the approaches to the upper fort in the era of royal residency (Phase 6b) -- 8.6. Trench V: medieval occupation south-west of the church (Phase 6a) -- 8.7. Trench W: a late medieval stone house (Phase 6b)? -- 8.8. The history of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7) -- Chapter 9. Elusive migration-era burials and enigmatic stone cairns: fieldwork near Gveleti Cemetery and in the Amali Valley (Trenches A, B, H, I, J, K, R, S, T, Z and AA) -- 9.1. In search of Gveleti Cemetery (Phases 3-7) -- 9.2. The enigmatic Amali Cairns and the power of nature: Trenches Z and AA -- Chapter 10. Landscape investigations in the Dariali Pass: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Lisa Snape, Lana Chologauri, Seth M.N. Priestman, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Landscape investigations in Khevi -- 10.3. The landscape survey in Khevi -- 10.4. Archaeological and historical landscapes of Khevi -- 10.5. Terrace field systems -- 10.6. Discussion -- 10.7. Dariali Pass Survey Site Gazetteer -- 10.8. Sedimentary descriptions from terrace field investigations -- Section C: Specialist contributions: finds, building materials, biological and environmental evidence and scientific dating -- Chapter 11. Provisioning and supply across an ancient frontier: the late antique and medieval ceramic sequence from the Dariali Gorge in the High Caucasus: Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Phase distribution and changing assemblage composition -- 11.3. Chronological development of the assemblage -- 11.4. Other changes in assemblage composition -- 11.5. Other assemblages -- 11.6. Discussion -- 11.7. Class catalogue.

11.8. Vessel types -- 11.9. Petrographic analysis and raw material provenance: Enrica Bonato and Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.10. Residue analysis of cooking pots by GCMS: Ben Stern and Seth M.N. Priestman -- 11.11. Context dating from ceramic finds -- Chapter 12. Fragment of a ceramic vessel with an ancient Georgian inscription discovered at Dariali Fort: George Gagoshidze -- Chapter 13. Vessel glass from the Dariali Fort: Fiona Anne Mowat -- 13.1. The assemblage from Dariali -- 13.2. Methodology -- 13.3. Fabric classes -- 13.4. Chemical analysis -- 13.5. Site phasing and vessel circulation -- 13.6. Glass recycling, cullet and trade at Dariali -- 13.7. Descriptive catalogue by fabric type -- 13.8. Conclusion -- Chapter 14. Report of chemical compositional characterisation of glass fragments excavated from Dariali Fort (Georgia) by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis: Yoshinari Abe and Ryuji Shikaku -- 14.1. Materials and methods -- 14.2. Results and discussion -- 14.3. Conclusion -- Chapter 15. The small objects and other finds: Lana Chologauri, Ana Gabunia, Fiona Anne Mowat, Seth M.N. Priestman, Eberhard W. Sauer and St John Simpson, with an appendix by Scott Stetkiewicz -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Finds from the Dariali and Gveleti Forts and extramural areas -- 15.3. Finds from the cemetery -- 15.4. Conclusion -- 15.5. Appendix: Slag from the Dariali Fort: Scott Stetkiewicz -- Chapter 16. The sword from Grave G9 in the cemetery south of Dariali Fort: analytical and technological study and assessment: Brian Gilmour -- 16.1. Introduction and preliminary description -- 16.2. Analysis and technology of the sword blade -- 16.3. Discussion and conclusion -- Chapter 17. Ceramic building materials from Dariali Fort: Seth M.N. Priestman -- Chapter 18. Mortars from Dariali Fort and nearby fortifications: J. Riley Snyder and Martina Astolfi.

18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Materials and methods -- 18.3. Results -- 18.4. Discussion -- 18.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 19. Human skeletal remains: Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Elena Kranioti and Annamaria Diana -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Methodology -- 19.3. Taphonomy and state of preservation -- 19.4. Biological sex, age, ancestry and stature -- 19.5. Non-metric traits -- 19.6. Dentition -- 19.7. Dental attrition -- 19.8. Palaeopathology -- 19.9. Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH) -- 19.10. Caries, Dental calculus, Periodontitis, Periapical cavities and Ante-mortem Tooth loss -- 19.11. Osteoarthritis (OA) -- 19.12. Periostitis/Chronic Periostitis -- 19.13. Entheseal changes -- 19.14. Trauma -- 19.15. Conclusion -- Chapter 20. Dariali Cemetery stable isotope analysis: Catriona Pickard -- 20.1. Isotope analysis -- 20.2. Materials and methods -- 20.3. Results and discussion -- 20.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 21. Herding and hunting in the highlands from the Sasanian to late medieval periods -- 21.1. The archaeozoology of the Dariali Gorge: Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri, Homa Fathi, Roya Khazaeli, Karyne Debue, Delphine Decruyenaere, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Benoît Clavel, Safoora Kamjan, Rusudan Jajanidze and Eberhard W. Sauer -- 21.2. Fish remains: Valentin Radu and Eberhard W. Sauer -- 21.3. Microvertebrates: Emmanuelle Stoetzel, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Karyne Debue, Michel Lemoine and Marjan Mashkour -- Chapter 22. Plant remains: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh and Imogen Poole -- 22.1. Charcoal: Imogen Poole and Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- 22.2. Archaeobotany: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- 22.3. Vegetation history: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh -- Chapter 23. Archaeomagnetic studies of features excavated in Dariali Gorge: Cathy M. Batt, David P. Greenwood and Tehreem Kainaat -- 23.1. Abstract -- 23.2. Introduction -- 23.3. Background.

23.4. Archaeomagnetic sampling in the field.

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