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Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells : Fundamentals and Recent Trends.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2017Copyright date: ©2017Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (617 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783527803866
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel CellsLOC classification:
  • QD569
Online resources:
Contents:
Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Recent Trends -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1: Principle of Low-temperature Fuel Cells Using an Ionic Membrane -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Thermodynamic Data and Theoretical Energy Efficiency under Equilibrium (j = 0) -- 1.2.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell -- 1.2.2 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell -- 1.3 Electrocatalysis and the Rate of Electrochemical Reactions -- 1.3.1 Establishment of the Butler-Volmer Law (Charge Transfer Overpotential) -- 1.3.2 Mass Transfer Limitations (Concentration Overpotential) -- 1.3.3 Cell Voltage versus Current Density Curves -- 1.3.4 Energy Efficiency under Working Conditions ( j≠0) -- 1.3.4.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell -- 1.3.4.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell -- 1.4 Influence of the Properties of the PEMFC Components (Electrode Catalyst Structure, Membrane Resistance, and Mass Transfer Limitations) on the Polarization Curves -- 1.4.1 Influence of the Catalytic Properties of Electrodes -- 1.4.2 Influence of the Membrane-specific Resistance -- 1.4.3 Influence of the Mass Transfer Limitations -- 1.5 Representative Examples of Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 1.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Electronics -- 1.5.2 Hydrogen/air PEMFC for the Electrical Vehicle -- 1.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2: Research Advancements in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.2.1 Current Scenario -- 2.2.2 Ideal Properties for Electrocatalyst, Catalyst Support, and Current Collectors for Market Entry -- 2.2.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Bringing Down Pt Loading -- 2.2.4 Types of Catalyst Supports (Activated Carbon, CNT, Graphene, etc.) -- 2.2.5 Non-Pt-Based Catalysts -- 2.2.6 Catalyst Corrosion and Fuel Cell Life (Protocols for Testing) -- 2.2.7 Type of Fuels (Alcohols).
2.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 2.3.1 Fuels for Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.3.2 Types of Catalysts -- 2.3.3 Types of Membranes -- 2.3.4 System Development -- 2.4 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells -- 2.4.1 Catalyst Development -- 2.4.2 System Development -- 2.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells -- 2.5.1 Electrocatalysts -- 2.5.2 System Development -- 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Pt-based Plurimetallic Electrocatalysts -- 3.2.1 Preparation Methods of the Catalysts -- 3.2.1.1 Electrochemical Deposition -- 3.2.1.2 Impregnation-Reduction Methods -- 3.2.1.3 Colloidal Methods -- 3.2.1.4 Carbonyl Complex Route -- 3.2.1.5 Plasma-enhanced PVD -- 3.2.2 Characterization of Catalysts and Determination of Reaction Mechanisms by Physicochemical Methods -- 3.2.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizations -- 3.2.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements: Cyclic Voltammetry and CO Stripping -- 3.2.2.3 Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (EMIRS, FTIRS) -- 3.2.2.4 Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry -- 3.2.2.5 Chromatographic Techniques -- 3.3 Mechanisms of the Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen -- 3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen -- 3.3.3 Electrocatalysis of CO Oxidation -- 3.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DMFC, DEFC) -- 3.3.4.1 Oxidation of Methanol -- 3.3.4.2 Oxidation of Ethanol -- 3.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4: Direct Hydrocarbon Low-temperature Fuel Cell -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell -- 4.2.1 Efficiency of DMFC -- 4.2.2 Methanol Crossover -- 4.2.3 Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation -- 4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell.
4.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEFC -- 4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEFC -- 4.3.3 Ethanol Crossover -- 4.3.4 Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation -- 4.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC -- 4.4.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC -- 4.4.3 Catalyst for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation -- 4.5 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell -- 4.5.1 Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation -- 4.6 Direct Glucose Fuel Cell -- 4.7 Commercialization Status of DHFC -- 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5: The Oscillatory Electrooxidation of Small Organic Molecules -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ and Online Approaches -- 5.3 The Effect of Temperature -- 5.4 Modified Surfaces -- 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6: Degradation Mechanism of Membrane Fuel Cells with Monoplatinum and Multicomponent Cathode Catalysts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis and Experimental Methods of Studying Catalytic Systems under Model Conditions -- 6.2.1 Synthesis Methods Followed -- 6.2.1.1 Polyol Technique of Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts -- 6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Method of Synthesis of Bi- and Trimetallic Catalysts -- 6.2.2 Electrochemical Research Methods -- 6.2.3 Structural Research Methods -- 6.3 Characteristics of Commercial and Synthesized Catalysts -- 6.3.1 Corrosion Stability of CMs (Supports) -- 6.3.1.1 Electrochemical Corrosion Exposure -- 6.3.1.2 Chemical Corrosion Exposure -- 6.3.2 Electrochemical and Structural Characteristics of Catalytic Systems -- 6.3.2.1 Monometallic Catalysts with Pt Content of 20 and 40 wt.% -- 6.3.2.2 Bimetallic Catalytic Systems (PtM) -- 6.3.2.3 Trimetallic Catalysts (PtCoCr/C) -- 6.4 Methods of Testing Catalysts within FC MEAs -- 6.5 Mechanism of Degradation Phenomenon in MEAs with Commercial Pt/C Catalysts.
6.6 Characteristics of MEAs with 40Pt/CNT-T-based Cathode -- 6.7 Characteristics of MEAs with 50PtCoCr/C-based Cathodes -- 6.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7: Recent Developments in Electrocatalysts and Hybrid Electrocatalyst Support Systems for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Current State of Pt and Non-Pt Electrocatalysts Support Systems for PEFC -- 7.3 Novel Pt Electrocatalysts -- 7.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D Nanostructures -- 7.4 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon Supports -- 7.4.1 Mesoporous Carbon Supports -- 7.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Supports -- 7.4.3 Graphene-based Supports -- 7.5 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon-free Supports -- 7.5.1 Tungsten Oxides and Carbides -- 7.5.2 Tin Oxide Supports -- 7.5.3 Titanium Nitride Supports -- 7.5.4 Doped Metal-based Supports -- 7.5.4.1 Doped Tin Oxide -- 7.5.4.2 Doped Titanium Dioxide -- 7.6 Pt-free Metal Electrocatalysts -- 7.6.1 Metal on Novel Carbon Supports -- 7.6.2 Metal on Novel Carbon-free Supports -- 7.7 Influence of Support: Electrocatalyst-Support Interactions and Effect of Surface Functional Groups -- 7.7.1 Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity -- 7.7.2 Enhancing CO Tolerance -- 7.8 Hybrid Catalyst Support Systems -- 7.8.1 Carbon-enriched Metal-based Supports -- 7.8.2 Polymers in Catalyst Support Systems -- 7.8.3 Polyoxometalates Liquid Catholytes -- 7.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 8: Role of Catalyst Supports: Graphene Based Novel Electrocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Graphene-based Cathode Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 8.2.1 Graphene-supported Nonnoble Metal ORR Catalysts -- 8.2.1.1 Transition Metal-Nitrogen (N) Graphene Catalysts -- 8.2.1.2 Graphene-supported Metal Oxide/Sulfide Nanocomposites -- 8.2.2 Graphene-supported Noble Metal Catalysts -- 8.2.2.1 Graphene-supported Pt/Pt-alloy ORR Catalysts.
8.2.2.2 Graphene-supported Other Metal Alloys as ORR Catalysts -- 8.3 Graphene-based Anode Catalysts -- 8.3.1 Graphene-based Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction -- 8.3.2 Graphene-based Catalysts for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction -- 8.3.3 Graphene-based Catalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction -- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9: Recent Progress in Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction for Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 9.1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 9.2 Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.1 Carbon-supported Metal-Nb Matrix -- 9.2.1.1 Fundamental Overview -- 9.2.1.2 Proposed Active Sites -- 9.2.1.3 Synthesis Methods -- 9.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 9.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides -- 9.2.4 Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides/Oxynitrides -- 9.2.4.1 Transition Metal Carbides -- 9.2.4.2 Transition Metal Nitrides/Oxynitrides -- 9.2.5 Perovskites -- 9.2.6 Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.1 Carbon Nanotube-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.2 Graphene-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.3 Other Types of Metal-free Carbon Electrocatalysts -- 9.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 10: Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Borohydride and Direct Ammonia Borane Fuel Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Direct Borohydride (and Ammonia Borane) Fuel Cells -- 10.2.1 Basics of DBFC and DABFC -- 10.2.2 Main Issues of the DBFC and DABFC -- 10.3 Mechanistic Investigations of the BOR and BH3OR at Noble Electrocatalysts -- 10.3.1 Different Families of (Electro)Catalysts for the BOR -- 10.3.2 BOR Mechanism at Pt Surfaces -- 10.3.3 The issue of H2 Generation (and Possible Oxidation) during the BOR -- 10.3.4 Effects of the Mass Transfer, Pt Loading, and Active Layer Thickness on the BOR -- 10.3.5 Does the BH3OR Mechanism Differ from the BOR?.
10.4 Toward Ideal Anode of DBFC and DABFC.
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Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Recent Trends -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1: Principle of Low-temperature Fuel Cells Using an Ionic Membrane -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Thermodynamic Data and Theoretical Energy Efficiency under Equilibrium (j = 0) -- 1.2.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell -- 1.2.2 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell -- 1.3 Electrocatalysis and the Rate of Electrochemical Reactions -- 1.3.1 Establishment of the Butler-Volmer Law (Charge Transfer Overpotential) -- 1.3.2 Mass Transfer Limitations (Concentration Overpotential) -- 1.3.3 Cell Voltage versus Current Density Curves -- 1.3.4 Energy Efficiency under Working Conditions ( j≠0) -- 1.3.4.1 Hydrogen/oxygen Fuel Cell -- 1.3.4.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell -- 1.4 Influence of the Properties of the PEMFC Components (Electrode Catalyst Structure, Membrane Resistance, and Mass Transfer Limitations) on the Polarization Curves -- 1.4.1 Influence of the Catalytic Properties of Electrodes -- 1.4.2 Influence of the Membrane-specific Resistance -- 1.4.3 Influence of the Mass Transfer Limitations -- 1.5 Representative Examples of Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 1.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Electronics -- 1.5.2 Hydrogen/air PEMFC for the Electrical Vehicle -- 1.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2: Research Advancements in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.2.1 Current Scenario -- 2.2.2 Ideal Properties for Electrocatalyst, Catalyst Support, and Current Collectors for Market Entry -- 2.2.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Bringing Down Pt Loading -- 2.2.4 Types of Catalyst Supports (Activated Carbon, CNT, Graphene, etc.) -- 2.2.5 Non-Pt-Based Catalysts -- 2.2.6 Catalyst Corrosion and Fuel Cell Life (Protocols for Testing) -- 2.2.7 Type of Fuels (Alcohols).

2.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 2.3.1 Fuels for Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.3.2 Types of Catalysts -- 2.3.3 Types of Membranes -- 2.3.4 System Development -- 2.4 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells -- 2.4.1 Catalyst Development -- 2.4.2 System Development -- 2.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells -- 2.5.1 Electrocatalysts -- 2.5.2 System Development -- 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Pt-based Plurimetallic Electrocatalysts -- 3.2.1 Preparation Methods of the Catalysts -- 3.2.1.1 Electrochemical Deposition -- 3.2.1.2 Impregnation-Reduction Methods -- 3.2.1.3 Colloidal Methods -- 3.2.1.4 Carbonyl Complex Route -- 3.2.1.5 Plasma-enhanced PVD -- 3.2.2 Characterization of Catalysts and Determination of Reaction Mechanisms by Physicochemical Methods -- 3.2.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizations -- 3.2.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements: Cyclic Voltammetry and CO Stripping -- 3.2.2.3 Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (EMIRS, FTIRS) -- 3.2.2.4 Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry -- 3.2.2.5 Chromatographic Techniques -- 3.3 Mechanisms of the Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-temperature Fuel Cells -- 3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen -- 3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen -- 3.3.3 Electrocatalysis of CO Oxidation -- 3.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DMFC, DEFC) -- 3.3.4.1 Oxidation of Methanol -- 3.3.4.2 Oxidation of Ethanol -- 3.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4: Direct Hydrocarbon Low-temperature Fuel Cell -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell -- 4.2.1 Efficiency of DMFC -- 4.2.2 Methanol Crossover -- 4.2.3 Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation -- 4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell.

4.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEFC -- 4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEFC -- 4.3.3 Ethanol Crossover -- 4.3.4 Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation -- 4.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC -- 4.4.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC -- 4.4.3 Catalyst for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation -- 4.5 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell -- 4.5.1 Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation -- 4.6 Direct Glucose Fuel Cell -- 4.7 Commercialization Status of DHFC -- 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5: The Oscillatory Electrooxidation of Small Organic Molecules -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ and Online Approaches -- 5.3 The Effect of Temperature -- 5.4 Modified Surfaces -- 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6: Degradation Mechanism of Membrane Fuel Cells with Monoplatinum and Multicomponent Cathode Catalysts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis and Experimental Methods of Studying Catalytic Systems under Model Conditions -- 6.2.1 Synthesis Methods Followed -- 6.2.1.1 Polyol Technique of Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts -- 6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Method of Synthesis of Bi- and Trimetallic Catalysts -- 6.2.2 Electrochemical Research Methods -- 6.2.3 Structural Research Methods -- 6.3 Characteristics of Commercial and Synthesized Catalysts -- 6.3.1 Corrosion Stability of CMs (Supports) -- 6.3.1.1 Electrochemical Corrosion Exposure -- 6.3.1.2 Chemical Corrosion Exposure -- 6.3.2 Electrochemical and Structural Characteristics of Catalytic Systems -- 6.3.2.1 Monometallic Catalysts with Pt Content of 20 and 40 wt.% -- 6.3.2.2 Bimetallic Catalytic Systems (PtM) -- 6.3.2.3 Trimetallic Catalysts (PtCoCr/C) -- 6.4 Methods of Testing Catalysts within FC MEAs -- 6.5 Mechanism of Degradation Phenomenon in MEAs with Commercial Pt/C Catalysts.

6.6 Characteristics of MEAs with 40Pt/CNT-T-based Cathode -- 6.7 Characteristics of MEAs with 50PtCoCr/C-based Cathodes -- 6.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7: Recent Developments in Electrocatalysts and Hybrid Electrocatalyst Support Systems for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Current State of Pt and Non-Pt Electrocatalysts Support Systems for PEFC -- 7.3 Novel Pt Electrocatalysts -- 7.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D Nanostructures -- 7.4 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon Supports -- 7.4.1 Mesoporous Carbon Supports -- 7.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Supports -- 7.4.3 Graphene-based Supports -- 7.5 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon-free Supports -- 7.5.1 Tungsten Oxides and Carbides -- 7.5.2 Tin Oxide Supports -- 7.5.3 Titanium Nitride Supports -- 7.5.4 Doped Metal-based Supports -- 7.5.4.1 Doped Tin Oxide -- 7.5.4.2 Doped Titanium Dioxide -- 7.6 Pt-free Metal Electrocatalysts -- 7.6.1 Metal on Novel Carbon Supports -- 7.6.2 Metal on Novel Carbon-free Supports -- 7.7 Influence of Support: Electrocatalyst-Support Interactions and Effect of Surface Functional Groups -- 7.7.1 Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity -- 7.7.2 Enhancing CO Tolerance -- 7.8 Hybrid Catalyst Support Systems -- 7.8.1 Carbon-enriched Metal-based Supports -- 7.8.2 Polymers in Catalyst Support Systems -- 7.8.3 Polyoxometalates Liquid Catholytes -- 7.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 8: Role of Catalyst Supports: Graphene Based Novel Electrocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Graphene-based Cathode Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 8.2.1 Graphene-supported Nonnoble Metal ORR Catalysts -- 8.2.1.1 Transition Metal-Nitrogen (N) Graphene Catalysts -- 8.2.1.2 Graphene-supported Metal Oxide/Sulfide Nanocomposites -- 8.2.2 Graphene-supported Noble Metal Catalysts -- 8.2.2.1 Graphene-supported Pt/Pt-alloy ORR Catalysts.

8.2.2.2 Graphene-supported Other Metal Alloys as ORR Catalysts -- 8.3 Graphene-based Anode Catalysts -- 8.3.1 Graphene-based Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction -- 8.3.2 Graphene-based Catalysts for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction -- 8.3.3 Graphene-based Catalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction -- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9: Recent Progress in Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction for Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 9.1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 9.2 Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.1 Carbon-supported Metal-Nb Matrix -- 9.2.1.1 Fundamental Overview -- 9.2.1.2 Proposed Active Sites -- 9.2.1.3 Synthesis Methods -- 9.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 9.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides -- 9.2.4 Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides/Oxynitrides -- 9.2.4.1 Transition Metal Carbides -- 9.2.4.2 Transition Metal Nitrides/Oxynitrides -- 9.2.5 Perovskites -- 9.2.6 Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.1 Carbon Nanotube-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.2 Graphene-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.6.3 Other Types of Metal-free Carbon Electrocatalysts -- 9.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 10: Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Borohydride and Direct Ammonia Borane Fuel Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Direct Borohydride (and Ammonia Borane) Fuel Cells -- 10.2.1 Basics of DBFC and DABFC -- 10.2.2 Main Issues of the DBFC and DABFC -- 10.3 Mechanistic Investigations of the BOR and BH3OR at Noble Electrocatalysts -- 10.3.1 Different Families of (Electro)Catalysts for the BOR -- 10.3.2 BOR Mechanism at Pt Surfaces -- 10.3.3 The issue of H2 Generation (and Possible Oxidation) during the BOR -- 10.3.4 Effects of the Mass Transfer, Pt Loading, and Active Layer Thickness on the BOR -- 10.3.5 Does the BH3OR Mechanism Differ from the BOR?.

10.4 Toward Ideal Anode of DBFC and DABFC.

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