Evaluating and Conducting Research in Audiology.

Intro -- Foreword by Susan Jerger -- Foreword by Kevin J. Munro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- About the Authors -- Section A. Research Methods in Audiology -- 1. The Research Process -- Learning Outcomes -- The Role of Research Within Audiology -- Defining Research -- Usual Practice -- Service Evaluation -- Clinical Audit -- Overview of the Research Process -- Stage 1: Conceiving the Study -- Reviewing the Existing Literature -- Developing the Scopeand Aim of the Study -- Identifying and Formulating Research Questions -- Creating Hypotheses -- Stage 2: Designing the Study -- Research Variables -- Experimental Versus Nonexperimental Research -- Quantitative, Qualitative, andMixed Research Methodologies -- Research Compliance -- Stage 3: Collecting Data -- Data Collection Format -- Type and Amountof Data Collected -- Data Collection Setting -- Data Management -- Stage 4: Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions -- Inspecting the Data for Errors -- Statistical Analysis -- Drawing Conclusions -- Stage 5: Dissemination -- Translating Research Into Clinical Practice -- The Research Proposal -- The Research Team -- Feasibility of Research Project -- Outlining the ResourcesRequired -- Planning the Timescale -- Considerations for Recruiting and Maintaining Participants -- Preregistration of Studies -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 2. Research Compliance -- Learning Outcomes -- Research Compliance -- Ethical Considerations for Human and Animal Research -- Ethical Codes -- The Nuremberg Code -- The Declaration of Helsinki -- The Belmont Report -- Ethical Principles -- Good Clinical Practice -- Research Principles Outlined by Professional Associations -- Data Protection -- Confidentiality and Privacy -- The European General Data Protection Act -- The United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

Research With Vulnerable Groups -- Informed Consent -- Ways of Providing the Necessary Informed Consent -- Capacity to Consent -- Research Involving Animals -- The Ethical Application Process -- Applying for Ethical Approval -- Ethical Application in Settings with Ethical Review Boards -- Ethical Applications in Independent Settings -- Research Ethics for International Research -- Research Integrity -- Research Fudging -- Conflict of Interest -- Credit for Intellectual Effort -- Types of Copyright License -- Active Partnerships to Increase Research Quality and Compliance -- Patient and Public Involvement in Research -- Reporting Patient Public Involvement in Academic Publications -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 3. Research Methods -- Learning Outcomes -- Defining Scientific Methods -- Scientific Theory, Law, and Models -- Scientific Theory -- Scientific Law -- Scientific Model -- History and Philosophy of Science -- History of Science -- Philosophy of Science -- Naïve Realism -- Antirealism -- Critical Realism -- Role of Theory in Research -- Deductive Versus Inductive Inference -- Research Hierarchy: Methodology, Method, and Design -- Types of Research -- Empirical Versus Nonempirical Research -- Basic Versus Applied Research -- Animal Versus Human Research -- Descriptive Versus Analytical Research -- Exploratory Versus Confirmatory Research -- Feasibility Versus Pilot Studies -- Prospective Versus Retrospective Research -- Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research -- Observational Versus Experimental Research -- Laboratory Versus Field Research -- Cross-sectional Versus Longitudinal Research -- Common Ways of Categorizing Research Studies -- Research Methodology -- Quantitative Research -- Variable -- Qualitative Research -- Difference and Opinion Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- Mixed-Methods Research.

Common Research Strategies Used in Audiology -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 4. Research Design -- Learning Outcomes -- Introduction -- Research Designs -- Cross-Sectional Design -- Repeated Cross-Sectional Design -- Cohort Design -- Case-Control Design -- Experimental Design -- Pre-, Quasi-, and True-Experimental Designs -- A Randomized Controlled Trial -- Parallel-Group Versus Crossover Experimental Designs -- Treatment Efficacy and Effectiveness Trials -- Considerations When Choosing Research Designs -- Criteria for Quality in Quantitative Research -- Validity -- Reliability -- Generalizability -- Evaluating Clinical Research -- Quality Analysis of Studies and Level of Evidence -- Nature of Clinical Data -- Clinical Practice Guidelines -- Rigor and Reproducibility in Scientific Research -- The Reproducibility Crisis in Research -- Best Evidence Versus Best Available Evidence -- Minimizing Bias in Research -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 5. Variables, Sampling, and Sample Size -- Learning Outcomes -- Introduction -- Variables in Empirical Research -- Types of Variables -- Independent Variable -- Dependent Variable -- Extraneous Variable -- Confounding Variable -- Demographic Variable -- Environmental Variable -- Examples of Different Variables in a Study -- Variables During Data Collection and Analysis -- Levels of Measurement -- Populations and Samples -- Parameters Versus Statistics -- Sample Characteristics -- Sampling Methods -- Probability Sampling -- Simple Random Sampling -- Systematic Random Sampling -- Stratified Random Sampling -- Cluster Sampling -- Nonprobability Sampling -- Convenience Sampling -- Snowball Sampling -- Consecutive Sampling -- Quota Sampling -- Self-Selection Sampling -- Purposive Sampling -- Theoretical Sampling -- Challenges in Implementing Probability Sampling Methods.

Sampling Bias -- Sample Size -- Sampling Error -- Power Analysis -- Sample Size Estimation -- Post Hoc Power Analysis -- Challenges in Recruiting Study Participants -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 6. Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data -- Learning Outcomes -- Introduction -- An Overview of Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data -- Preparing Data for Analysis -- Error Checking and Outliers -- Missing Data -- Describing the Data -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Mean -- Median -- Mode -- Measures of Variability -- Range -- Variance -- Standard Deviation -- z Scores -- Standard Error -- Quartiles -- Describing the Distribution -- Normal Distribution -- Skewness and Kurtosis -- Central Limit Theorem -- Data Transformation -- Selecting Appropriate Statistical Tests -- Assumptions Required for Parametric Testing -- Assumptions of Normality -- Homogeneity of Variance -- Considerations When Using Parametric Statistics -- Considerations When Using Nonparametric Statistics -- Quantitative Data Analysis -- Hypothesis Testing -- Specifying the Hypotheses -- Probability Values ( p Value) -- One- or Two-Tailed Tests -- Degrees of Freedom -- Alternative or Complementary Approaches to Significance Testing -- Effect Size Calculations -- Odds or Risk Ratios -- Confidence Interval and Margin of Error -- Clinical Significance -- Bayesian Analysis -- Testing Differences Between Two Means -- t Test -- Types of t Tests -- Comparing Groups -- Analysis of Variance -- Main Effects and Interaction Effects -- Types of Analysis of Variance -- Analysis of Covariance -- Post Hoc Testing -- Examining Relationships Between Variables -- Correlation Analysis -- The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient -- Predicting and Assessing the Strength of the Relationship Between Variables -- Regression Analysis -- Nonparametric Regression Models.

Grouping Variables -- Factor Analysis -- Cluster Analysis -- Analyzing the Performance of Diagnostic Tests -- Reporting Statistical Test Results -- Reporting the Outcome of Statistical Analysis -- Visual Representation of the Data -- Common Pitfalls When Conducting and Reporting Statistics -- Interpreting Statistical Findings -- Key Points -- Review Questions -- References -- 7. Qualitative Research Methods -- Learning Outcomes -- Scope and Context of Qualitative Research -- Qualitative Research Traditions -- Grounded Theory -- Phenomenology -- Ethnography -- Ethnomethodology -- Action Research -- Narrative Research -- Case Study -- Sampling and Recruiting Participants -- Sampling Methods -- Convenience Sampling -- Snowball Sampling -- Purposive Sampling -- Maximum Variation Sampling -- Theoretical Sampling -- Determining Sampling Method -- Sampling Adequacy -- Other Considerations When Recruiting Participants -- Data Collection Methods and Settings -- Data Collection Methods -- Interviews -- Focus Groups -- Questionnaires -- Observations -- Document Analysis -- Employing Multiple Data Collection Methods -- Data Collection Settings -- Checking Accuracy -- Data Analysis Methods -- Two Main Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis -- Data Analysis Steps -- Transcribing Data -- Becoming Familiar With the Data -- Data Organization -- Generating Codes -- Data Interpretation and Pattern Identification -- Tying Field Data to Research Objective(s) and Drawing Verifiable Conclusions -- Common Qualitative Data Analysis Methods -- Descriptive Analysis -- Content Analysis -- Thematic Analysis -- Constant Comparative Method -- Conversation Analysis -- Discourse Analysis -- Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis -- Data Saturation and Trustworthiness -- Use of Qualitative Data Analysis Software Programs -- Role of a Researcher -- Emic or Etic Research Perspectives.

Theoretical Orientation and Methodological Choices.

This is the first research methods textbook that is specific to the field of audiology and designed to serve as an academic textbook for audiology graduate students. This text can also be accessible for audiology practitioners who are interested in clinical and applied research. The comprehensive coverage includes materials for multiple courses within audiology degree programs, including research methods, analysis of professional literature, evidence-based practice, and capstone research projects.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.