ORPP logo
Image from Google Jackets

Point-Of-Care Tests for Severe Hemorrhage : A Manual for Diagnosis and Treatment.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (218 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783319247953
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Point-Of-Care Tests for Severe HemorrhageDDC classification:
  • 614
LOC classification:
  • RD78.3-87.3
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Members of the Intact Group -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Pathophysiology of Coagulation -- 1.1 Primary Hemostasis -- 1.1.1 Vascular Endothelium -- 1.1.2 Platelets -- 1.2 Secondary Hemostasis -- 1.3 Fibrinolytic System -- 1.4 Modeling Hemostasis -- 1.4.1 The Cell-Based Model of Hemostasis -- 1.4.2 Initiation -- 1.4.3 Amplification -- 1.4.4 Propagation -- 1.5 Hemostatic Disorders -- 1.5.1 Disorders of Primary Hemostasis -- 1.5.2 Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis -- 1.5.3 Disorders of Tertiary Hemostasis -- 1.6 Laboratory Testing of Hemostasis -- 1.6.1 Sample Collection -- 1.6.2 The PT and APTT -- 1.6.3 Fibrinogen -- 1.6.4 Platelet Count -- 1.7 The Clinical Context for Testing -- 1.7.1 Anticoagulant Monitoring -- 1.7.2 Investigation of Bleeding -- 1.7.3 Routine Preoperative Screening -- References -- 2: General Aspects of Viscoelastic Tests -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Thromboelastography and Thromboelastometry -- 2.2.1 How They Work -- 2.2.2 TEG and ROTEM Parameters -- 2.2.3 The Reagents -- 2.2.3.1 ROTEM Reagents -- 2.2.3.2 TEG Reagents -- 2.3 Interpretation of TEG and ROTEM Tracings -- 2.3.1 Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways -- 2.3.2 Heparin Effect -- 2.3.3 Fibrinogen Contribution to Clot Firmness -- 2.3.4 Hyperfibrinolysis -- 2.4 Substantial Differences between TEG and ROTEM and Limits of Their Measurement -- 2.5 Factors Influencing the Thromboelastographic/Thromboelastometric Curve -- 2.5.1 Age, Gender and Particular Conditions -- 2.5.2 Haematocrit -- 2.5.3 Temperature -- 2.5.4 Acidosis -- 2.5.5 Alcohol -- 2.6 Evidence of TEG and ROTEM Feasibility and Usefulness in Various Settings -- 2.7 Standardisation, Quality Assurance and Quality Control of TEG and ROTEM -- 2.8 The Sonoclot -- 2.8.1 Interpreting the Sonoclot Signature -- 2.8.1.1 Activated Clotting Time (ACT).
2.8.1.2 Fibrin Gel Formation -- 2.8.1.3 Clot Retraction -- References -- 3: General Aspects of Platelet Function Tests -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Past of Platelet Function Testing and the Digest of New Methodologies -- 3.3 Assays Based on Platelet Aggregation -- 3.3.1 Light Transmission Platelet Aggregometry on Platelet-­Rich Plasma -- 3.3.2 Multiple Electrode Aggregometry (MEA) -- 3.3.3 VerifyNow System -- 3.3.4 Plateletworks System -- 3.4 Assays Based on Platelet Adhesion Under Shear Stress -- 3.4.1 The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100/Innovance PFA-200 -- 3.4.2 IMPACT: Analyzer -- 3.4.3 The Global Thrombosis Test -- 3.5 Assays in Combination with Viscoelastic Methodologies -- 3.5.1 TEG Platelet Mapping System -- 3.5.2 ROTEM Platelet System -- Conclusions -- References -- 4: Other Coagulation Point-of-Care Tests -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Viscosity-Based Devices -- 4.2.1 Cone-on-Plate Viscosimetry -- 4.2.2 Free Oscillation Rheometry (FOR) and ReoRox® -- 4.3 Cone-and-Plate(let) Analyzer (CPA) -- 4.4 Optical TEG (oTEG) and Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) -- 4.5 Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy with Optical Vibrometry (RASOV) -- 4.6 Global Thrombosis Test (GTT) -- 4.7 Microfluidics-Based Devices -- References -- 5: Coagulation and Point of Care in Clinical Practice: History -- References -- 6: Blood Products, Derivates, and Prohemostatic Drugs -- 6.1 Fresh Frozen Plasma -- 6.1.1 Indications -- 6.1.2 Monitoring the Effects of FFP -- 6.1.3 Adverse Events -- 6.2 Platelets -- 6.2.1 Indications -- 6.2.2 Monitoring the Effects of Platelet Concentrates -- 6.2.3 Adverse Events -- 6.3 Cryoprecipitate -- 6.3.1 Indications -- 6.3.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of Cryoprecipitate -- 6.3.3 Adverse Events -- 6.4 Antifibrinolytic Agents -- 6.4.1 Aprotinin -- 6.4.2 Tranexamic Acid.
6.4.3 Monitoring the Efficacy of Antifibrinolytic Drugs -- 6.4.4 Adverse Events -- 6.5 Fibrinogen -- 6.5.1 Monitoring the Efficacy of Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 6.5.2 Adverse Events -- 6.5.3 Desmopressin -- 6.5.4 Indications -- 6.5.5 Adverse Events -- 6.6 Prothrombin Complex Concentrates -- 6.6.1 Indications -- 6.6.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of PCCs Therapy -- 6.6.3 Adverse Events -- 6.7 Bypassing Agents: Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (aPCC) and Recombinant Factor VIIa -- 6.7.1 Indications -- 6.7.2 Adverse Events -- 6.7.3 Monitoring the Efficacy of Bypassing Agents -- 6.8 Factor XIII -- 6.8.1 Indications -- 6.8.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of FXIII Treatment -- References -- 7: Clinical Management of Severe Bleeding in Trauma Patients -- 7.1 Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (TIC) -- 7.2 Clinical Management -- 7.2.1 Prevention and Treatment of Primary Hyperfibrinolysis -- 7.2.2 Identification and Reversal of Drug-Induced Coagulopathy -- 7.2.3 Early Support to the Hemostatic Process -- 7.2.4 Goal-Directed Correction of Specific Coagulation Abnormalities -- 7.3 The Early Coagulation Support Protocol (ECS) -- Conclusions -- References -- 8: Management of Severe Bleeding in Cardiovascular Patients -- 8.1 Specific Aspects of Coagulopathy in  Cardiac Surgery -- 8.2 The Bleeding Mechanisms in Cardiac Surgery -- 8.2.1 Residual Heparin Effect -- 8.2.2 Decreased Thrombin Generation -- 8.2.2.1 Thrombin Generation Tests -- 8.2.2.2 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.3 Low Fibrinogen Levels -- 8.2.3.1 Functional Fibrinogen Tests -- 8.2.3.2 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.4 Thrombocytopenia -- 8.2.4.1 POC Tests and Platelet Count -- 8.2.4.2 Therapeutic Options -- 8.2.5 Platelet Dysfunction -- 8.2.5.1 Platelet Function Tests before Surgery -- 8.2.5.2 Platelet Function Tests after Surgery.
8.2.5.3 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.6 Hyperfibrinolysis -- 8.2.6.1 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.7 Surgical Sources -- 8.3 Bleeding in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery -- 8.3.1 Preoperative Conditions -- 8.3.1.1 Developmental Hemostasis -- 8.3.1.2 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Coagulation -- 8.3.1.3 Special Considerations in Children with Cyanotic Heart Disease -- 8.3.2 Intraoperative Bleeding Mechanisms in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery -- 8.3.2.1 Low Thrombin Generation -- 8.3.2.2 Low Fibrinogen Level -- 8.3.2.3 Decreased Platelet Count and Function -- 8.3.2.4 Hyperfibrinolysis -- References -- 9: Clinical Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage -- 9.1 Definitions and Epidemiology -- 9.2 The Pathogenesis of PHH -- 9.2.1 Pregnancy-Induced Coagulation Changes -- 9.3 Coagulation Monitoring -- 9.4 The Hemostatic Management of PPH -- 9.4.1 Laboratory-Driven Strategy -- 9.4.2 The Formula-Driven Approach -- 9.4.3 The Goal-Directed Approach -- 9.5 Pharmacologic Treatment of PPH -- 9.5.1 Tranexamic Acid -- 9.5.2 Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 9.5.3 Recombinant Factor VIIa -- Conclusions -- References -- 10: Management of Severe Bleeding in Liver Disease and Transplantation -- 10.1 Hemostasis in Chronic Liver Disease -- 10.2 Bleeding during Invasive Procedures -- 10.3 Bleeding Risk Associated with Surgery -- 10.4 Severe Bleeding in Liver Transplant (OLT): An Open Problem -- 10.4.1 Preoperative Factors Contributing to Bleeding [78] -- 10.4.2 Intraoperative Factors Contributing to Bleeding [78] -- 10.5 Transfusion Practice during OLT: Intraoperative Blood and Blood Component Management with Viscoelastic Tests (TEG/ROTEM) -- 10.5.1 Red Blood Cell Transfusion -- 10.5.2 Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion -- 10.6 TEG-/ROTEM-Guided Indication for FFP Transfusions and PCC Administration -- 10.6.1 TEG-Based Indications.
10.6.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.6.3 The Effects of Heparin -- 10.7 Indications to Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC) Administration TEG/ROTEM Guided -- 10.7.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.7.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.8 Indications to TEG-/ROTEM-­Guided Platelet (PLT) Transfusion -- 10.8.1 TEG-Based Suggested Indications -- 10.8.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.9 Indications to TEG-/ROTEM-­Guided Fibrinogen and Cryoprecipitate Administration -- 10.9.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.9.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.10 TEG-/ROTEM-Based Pharmacological Management of Bleeding -- 10.10.1 Antifibrinolytic Drugs -- 10.10.1.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.10.1.2 ROTEM-Based Indication -- 10.10.2 Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) -- 10.10.3 Desmopressin -- Conclusions -- References -- 11: Disorders of Hemostasis in the Bleeding Intensive Care Unit Patient -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.2 Pathophysiology of the Most Common Coagulation Abnormalities in Critical Patients Admitted to the ICU -- 11.2.1 Diagnostic Approach to Coagulopathy in Intensive Care Patients -- 11.2.2 Limitations of Conventional Laboratory Coagulation Tests -- 11.3 Point-of-Care Devices -- 11.4 Coagulation and Inflammation: Relationships and Cross talk Pathways between the Two Systems -- 11.4.1 Inflammatory Response in ICU Patients due to Surgery, Trauma, and Burns: Lessons Learned from Sepsis -- 11.5 Clinical Scenarios of Critical ICU Patients with Coagulopathy -- 11.5.1 Perioperative Coagulation Management in Major Surgery and Trauma Bleeding Patients -- 11.5.2 Burn Injury -- 11.5.3 Severe Sepsis -- 11.6 Therapeutical Options in Managing Coagulopathies in ICU Patients -- 11.6.1 Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) -- 11.6.2 Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction -- 11.6.3 Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 11.6.4 Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC).
11.6.5 Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) and Factor XIII (FXIII).
Tags from this library: No tags from this library for this title. Log in to add tags.
Star ratings
    Average rating: 0.0 (0 votes)
No physical items for this record

Intro -- Preface -- Members of the Intact Group -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Pathophysiology of Coagulation -- 1.1 Primary Hemostasis -- 1.1.1 Vascular Endothelium -- 1.1.2 Platelets -- 1.2 Secondary Hemostasis -- 1.3 Fibrinolytic System -- 1.4 Modeling Hemostasis -- 1.4.1 The Cell-Based Model of Hemostasis -- 1.4.2 Initiation -- 1.4.3 Amplification -- 1.4.4 Propagation -- 1.5 Hemostatic Disorders -- 1.5.1 Disorders of Primary Hemostasis -- 1.5.2 Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis -- 1.5.3 Disorders of Tertiary Hemostasis -- 1.6 Laboratory Testing of Hemostasis -- 1.6.1 Sample Collection -- 1.6.2 The PT and APTT -- 1.6.3 Fibrinogen -- 1.6.4 Platelet Count -- 1.7 The Clinical Context for Testing -- 1.7.1 Anticoagulant Monitoring -- 1.7.2 Investigation of Bleeding -- 1.7.3 Routine Preoperative Screening -- References -- 2: General Aspects of Viscoelastic Tests -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Thromboelastography and Thromboelastometry -- 2.2.1 How They Work -- 2.2.2 TEG and ROTEM Parameters -- 2.2.3 The Reagents -- 2.2.3.1 ROTEM Reagents -- 2.2.3.2 TEG Reagents -- 2.3 Interpretation of TEG and ROTEM Tracings -- 2.3.1 Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways -- 2.3.2 Heparin Effect -- 2.3.3 Fibrinogen Contribution to Clot Firmness -- 2.3.4 Hyperfibrinolysis -- 2.4 Substantial Differences between TEG and ROTEM and Limits of Their Measurement -- 2.5 Factors Influencing the Thromboelastographic/Thromboelastometric Curve -- 2.5.1 Age, Gender and Particular Conditions -- 2.5.2 Haematocrit -- 2.5.3 Temperature -- 2.5.4 Acidosis -- 2.5.5 Alcohol -- 2.6 Evidence of TEG and ROTEM Feasibility and Usefulness in Various Settings -- 2.7 Standardisation, Quality Assurance and Quality Control of TEG and ROTEM -- 2.8 The Sonoclot -- 2.8.1 Interpreting the Sonoclot Signature -- 2.8.1.1 Activated Clotting Time (ACT).

2.8.1.2 Fibrin Gel Formation -- 2.8.1.3 Clot Retraction -- References -- 3: General Aspects of Platelet Function Tests -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Past of Platelet Function Testing and the Digest of New Methodologies -- 3.3 Assays Based on Platelet Aggregation -- 3.3.1 Light Transmission Platelet Aggregometry on Platelet-­Rich Plasma -- 3.3.2 Multiple Electrode Aggregometry (MEA) -- 3.3.3 VerifyNow System -- 3.3.4 Plateletworks System -- 3.4 Assays Based on Platelet Adhesion Under Shear Stress -- 3.4.1 The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100/Innovance PFA-200 -- 3.4.2 IMPACT: Analyzer -- 3.4.3 The Global Thrombosis Test -- 3.5 Assays in Combination with Viscoelastic Methodologies -- 3.5.1 TEG Platelet Mapping System -- 3.5.2 ROTEM Platelet System -- Conclusions -- References -- 4: Other Coagulation Point-of-Care Tests -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Viscosity-Based Devices -- 4.2.1 Cone-on-Plate Viscosimetry -- 4.2.2 Free Oscillation Rheometry (FOR) and ReoRox® -- 4.3 Cone-and-Plate(let) Analyzer (CPA) -- 4.4 Optical TEG (oTEG) and Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) -- 4.5 Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy with Optical Vibrometry (RASOV) -- 4.6 Global Thrombosis Test (GTT) -- 4.7 Microfluidics-Based Devices -- References -- 5: Coagulation and Point of Care in Clinical Practice: History -- References -- 6: Blood Products, Derivates, and Prohemostatic Drugs -- 6.1 Fresh Frozen Plasma -- 6.1.1 Indications -- 6.1.2 Monitoring the Effects of FFP -- 6.1.3 Adverse Events -- 6.2 Platelets -- 6.2.1 Indications -- 6.2.2 Monitoring the Effects of Platelet Concentrates -- 6.2.3 Adverse Events -- 6.3 Cryoprecipitate -- 6.3.1 Indications -- 6.3.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of Cryoprecipitate -- 6.3.3 Adverse Events -- 6.4 Antifibrinolytic Agents -- 6.4.1 Aprotinin -- 6.4.2 Tranexamic Acid.

6.4.3 Monitoring the Efficacy of Antifibrinolytic Drugs -- 6.4.4 Adverse Events -- 6.5 Fibrinogen -- 6.5.1 Monitoring the Efficacy of Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 6.5.2 Adverse Events -- 6.5.3 Desmopressin -- 6.5.4 Indications -- 6.5.5 Adverse Events -- 6.6 Prothrombin Complex Concentrates -- 6.6.1 Indications -- 6.6.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of PCCs Therapy -- 6.6.3 Adverse Events -- 6.7 Bypassing Agents: Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (aPCC) and Recombinant Factor VIIa -- 6.7.1 Indications -- 6.7.2 Adverse Events -- 6.7.3 Monitoring the Efficacy of Bypassing Agents -- 6.8 Factor XIII -- 6.8.1 Indications -- 6.8.2 Monitoring the Efficacy of FXIII Treatment -- References -- 7: Clinical Management of Severe Bleeding in Trauma Patients -- 7.1 Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (TIC) -- 7.2 Clinical Management -- 7.2.1 Prevention and Treatment of Primary Hyperfibrinolysis -- 7.2.2 Identification and Reversal of Drug-Induced Coagulopathy -- 7.2.3 Early Support to the Hemostatic Process -- 7.2.4 Goal-Directed Correction of Specific Coagulation Abnormalities -- 7.3 The Early Coagulation Support Protocol (ECS) -- Conclusions -- References -- 8: Management of Severe Bleeding in Cardiovascular Patients -- 8.1 Specific Aspects of Coagulopathy in  Cardiac Surgery -- 8.2 The Bleeding Mechanisms in Cardiac Surgery -- 8.2.1 Residual Heparin Effect -- 8.2.2 Decreased Thrombin Generation -- 8.2.2.1 Thrombin Generation Tests -- 8.2.2.2 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.3 Low Fibrinogen Levels -- 8.2.3.1 Functional Fibrinogen Tests -- 8.2.3.2 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.4 Thrombocytopenia -- 8.2.4.1 POC Tests and Platelet Count -- 8.2.4.2 Therapeutic Options -- 8.2.5 Platelet Dysfunction -- 8.2.5.1 Platelet Function Tests before Surgery -- 8.2.5.2 Platelet Function Tests after Surgery.

8.2.5.3 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.6 Hyperfibrinolysis -- 8.2.6.1 Therapeutic Interventions -- 8.2.7 Surgical Sources -- 8.3 Bleeding in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery -- 8.3.1 Preoperative Conditions -- 8.3.1.1 Developmental Hemostasis -- 8.3.1.2 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Coagulation -- 8.3.1.3 Special Considerations in Children with Cyanotic Heart Disease -- 8.3.2 Intraoperative Bleeding Mechanisms in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery -- 8.3.2.1 Low Thrombin Generation -- 8.3.2.2 Low Fibrinogen Level -- 8.3.2.3 Decreased Platelet Count and Function -- 8.3.2.4 Hyperfibrinolysis -- References -- 9: Clinical Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage -- 9.1 Definitions and Epidemiology -- 9.2 The Pathogenesis of PHH -- 9.2.1 Pregnancy-Induced Coagulation Changes -- 9.3 Coagulation Monitoring -- 9.4 The Hemostatic Management of PPH -- 9.4.1 Laboratory-Driven Strategy -- 9.4.2 The Formula-Driven Approach -- 9.4.3 The Goal-Directed Approach -- 9.5 Pharmacologic Treatment of PPH -- 9.5.1 Tranexamic Acid -- 9.5.2 Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 9.5.3 Recombinant Factor VIIa -- Conclusions -- References -- 10: Management of Severe Bleeding in Liver Disease and Transplantation -- 10.1 Hemostasis in Chronic Liver Disease -- 10.2 Bleeding during Invasive Procedures -- 10.3 Bleeding Risk Associated with Surgery -- 10.4 Severe Bleeding in Liver Transplant (OLT): An Open Problem -- 10.4.1 Preoperative Factors Contributing to Bleeding [78] -- 10.4.2 Intraoperative Factors Contributing to Bleeding [78] -- 10.5 Transfusion Practice during OLT: Intraoperative Blood and Blood Component Management with Viscoelastic Tests (TEG/ROTEM) -- 10.5.1 Red Blood Cell Transfusion -- 10.5.2 Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion -- 10.6 TEG-/ROTEM-Guided Indication for FFP Transfusions and PCC Administration -- 10.6.1 TEG-Based Indications.

10.6.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.6.3 The Effects of Heparin -- 10.7 Indications to Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC) Administration TEG/ROTEM Guided -- 10.7.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.7.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.8 Indications to TEG-/ROTEM-­Guided Platelet (PLT) Transfusion -- 10.8.1 TEG-Based Suggested Indications -- 10.8.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.9 Indications to TEG-/ROTEM-­Guided Fibrinogen and Cryoprecipitate Administration -- 10.9.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.9.2 ROTEM-Based Indications -- 10.10 TEG-/ROTEM-Based Pharmacological Management of Bleeding -- 10.10.1 Antifibrinolytic Drugs -- 10.10.1.1 TEG-Based Indications -- 10.10.1.2 ROTEM-Based Indication -- 10.10.2 Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) -- 10.10.3 Desmopressin -- Conclusions -- References -- 11: Disorders of Hemostasis in the Bleeding Intensive Care Unit Patient -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.2 Pathophysiology of the Most Common Coagulation Abnormalities in Critical Patients Admitted to the ICU -- 11.2.1 Diagnostic Approach to Coagulopathy in Intensive Care Patients -- 11.2.2 Limitations of Conventional Laboratory Coagulation Tests -- 11.3 Point-of-Care Devices -- 11.4 Coagulation and Inflammation: Relationships and Cross talk Pathways between the Two Systems -- 11.4.1 Inflammatory Response in ICU Patients due to Surgery, Trauma, and Burns: Lessons Learned from Sepsis -- 11.5 Clinical Scenarios of Critical ICU Patients with Coagulopathy -- 11.5.1 Perioperative Coagulation Management in Major Surgery and Trauma Bleeding Patients -- 11.5.2 Burn Injury -- 11.5.3 Severe Sepsis -- 11.6 Therapeutical Options in Managing Coagulopathies in ICU Patients -- 11.6.1 Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) -- 11.6.2 Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction -- 11.6.3 Fibrinogen Supplementation -- 11.6.4 Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC).

11.6.5 Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) and Factor XIII (FXIII).

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

There are no comments on this title.

to post a comment.

© 2024 Resource Centre. All rights reserved.