Molecular Medical Microbiology.

e9780123977632v1 -- Front Cover -- Molecular Medical Microbiology, Volume 1 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Molecular Medical Microbiology - The Expanding Concept -- A Brief History -- Molecular Medical Microbiology -- References -- 1 Bacterial Structure -- 2 Bacterial Ultrastructure -- General Morphology -- Surface Appendages -- Flagella -- Pili and Fimbriae -- Glycocalyx -- Capsules -- S-layers -- Cell Wall -- Gram-Negative Cell Walls -- Outer Membrane -- Periplasm and Peptidoglycan Gel -- Gram-Positive Cell Walls -- Peptidoglycan Layer and Periplasmic Gel -- Cell Wall Growth -- Cytoplasmic Membrane -- Nucleoid -- Cytoplasmic Inclusions -- Non-Membrane Inclusions -- Volutin Granules -- Polysaccharide Granules -- Non-Unit Membrane Inclusions -- Carboxysomes -- Lipid Bodies -- Gas Vesicles -- Photosynthetic Systems -- Cell Division -- Bacterial Conjugation -- Bacterial Sporulation -- Bacterial Germination -- Bacterial Biofilms -- Microscopy and Microbiology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Bacterial Capsules -- Introduction -- Chemistry of Capsules -- Primary Structures -- Secondary Structures -- Other Properties of CPSs -- Genetics of Capsular Biosynthesis -- Gram-Negative Bacteria -- Gram-Positive Bacteria -- Biosynthesis of Capsules -- Wzy-Dependent Polymerization -- ABC Transporter-Dependent Polymerization -- Synthase-Dependent Polymerization -- Attachment of Bacterial Capsules to the Cell Surface -- Regulation of Capsular Synthesis -- Modulation at the DNA Level -- Modulation at the Transcriptional Level -- Biological Functions of Capsules -- Capsules as a Virulence Factor -- Capsules as an Immune Evasion Factor -- Immunogenicity of CPSs as Vaccine Antigens -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Genetics and Biosynthesis of Lipopolysaccharide -- Overview.

Classical Pathway of Lipid A-Kdo2 Biosynthesis -- Biosynthesis of Lipid IVA -- LpxA -- LpxC -- LpxD -- LpxBH -- LpxK -- Incorporation of Kdo Residues -- Late Acyltransferases -- Biosynthesis and Assembly of the Core Oligosaccharide -- Kdo and Ko -- Heptoses -- Isomerization -- Phosphorylation -- Phosphatase Reaction -- Synthesis of Nucleotide-Activated Heptose -- ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-Heptose-6-Epimerase -- Glycosyltransferases -- Enzymes Involved in the Completion of the Inner Core -- Assembly of the Outer Core -- Remodelling of the Lipid A-Inner Core Oligosaccharide -- Modification of the Lipid A Phosphate Groups -- Removal of Phosphate Groups -- Covalent Modifications of Phosphates -- Modification of Lipid A Acyl Chains -- Kdo Modifications -- Heptose Modifications -- Biosynthesis and Assembly of OAg -- Initiation -- Polyisoprenyl-Phosphate N-Acetylaminosugar-1-Phosphate Transferases -- Polyisoprenyl-Phosphate Hexose-1-Phosphate Transferases -- Assembly of OAg -- Wzy-Dependent O Antigen Assembly Pathway -- Und-PP-O Antigen Translocation -- Polymerization and Chain Length Regulation -- ABC Transporter-Dependent Pathway -- Synthase-Mediated Pathway -- O Antigen Ligation -- Synthesis and Recycling of Und-PP -- Export of LPS to the Outer Membrane -- Lipid A-Core Export Across the Inner Membrane -- Transport of LPS Across the Periplasm to the Cell Surface -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Teichoic Acids, Lipoteichoic Acids and Other Secondary Cell Wall and Membrane Polysaccharides of Gram-Positive Bacteria -- Structure of Wall Teichoic Acids and their Attachment to the Cell Wall -- Structure and Properties of Lipoteichoic Acids -- The Cellular Roles of Teichoic Acids -- The Biological Activities of Wall Teichoic Acids -- Biological Activities of Lipoteichoic Acids -- Adhesion -- Cytokine Induction -- Nitric Oxide Induction.

Soluble Teichoic Acids In Vivo -- Genetics and Regulation of Anionic Polymer Synthesis -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 Peptidoglycan -- Introduction -- The Basic Chemical Structure of Peptidoglycan -- The Glycan Strands in Peptidoglycan -- The Stem Peptides in Peptidoglycan -- Peptide Cross-Links -- Variation of the Fine Structure -- Biophysical Properties of Peptidoglycan -- Thickness of Peptidoglycan -- Elasticity of Sacculi -- Pores in the Sacculus -- Architecture of Peptidoglycan -- Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis and Modifications -- Cytoplasmic Steps to UDP-MurNAc Pentapeptide -- Synthesis of the Lipid-Linked Precursor -- Variation in Lipid II Structure -- Peptidoglycan Synthases -- Peptidoglycan Hydrolases -- Secondary Modifications in the Peptidoglycan Structure -- Covalent Attachment of Secondary Cell Wall Polymers to Peptidoglycan -- Covalent Attachment of Proteins to Peptidoglycan -- Peptidoglycan Synthesis During the Cell Cycle -- Peptidoglycan Synthesis Complexes Active in Cell Elongation and Division -- Molecular Mechanism of Peptidoglycan Growth: The 3-for-1 Growth Model -- Regulation of Peptidoglycan Growth from the Inside and Outside -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Flagella -- Flagellar Function -- Rate of Rotation -- Tumbling -- Energy Source -- Flagellar Structure -- Filament -- Flagellin (Hag or FliC) -- Phase Variation -- Filament Structure -- Filament Helicity -- Polymorphism -- Calladine Model -- Flagella Family -- Hook -- Universal Joint -- Hook Length Control -- Hook Protein -- Hook-Associated Proteins -- Basal Body -- The LP Ring Complex -- Rod -- The MS Ring Complex -- The C Ring -- C Rod -- Chaperones -- The Mot Proteins -- Assembly System of Flagella -- Morphogenesis -- Distal Growth -- Cap Proteins -- Export Apparatus -- Type III Secretion System -- Flil ATPase Activity -- Switching of the Export Gate.

Morphological Pathway -- In the Cytoplasm -- In the Periplasmic Space -- Outside the Cell -- Origin of Flagella -- Type III Secretion System -- F0F1-ATPase -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Pili and Fimbriae of Gram-Negative Bacteria -- Introduction -- Chaperone-Usher Pathway Pili -- CUP Pilus Architecture -- Subunit Structure -- Assembly Proteins and Mechanisms -- Periplasmic Chaperones -- The Chaperone Necessity -- Conserved Chaperone Surfaces and Donor Strand Complementation -- Donor Strand Exchange -- Ushers -- Functions of the Usher Domains in Pilus Assembly -- Usher Selectivity and Potential Binding Surfaces -- Current Model of Chaperone-Usher Pilus Biogenesis at the Usher -- Structural Insights into the Growing Pilus -- Pore-Gating Mechanisms of Usher -- Alternative Chaperone-Usher Pathways -- Diversity of CUP Systems in Disease -- Different Pilus Systems Involved in Adhesion and Disease -- Curli: Extracellular Nucleation/Precipitation Pathway -- Interfering With the Pilus -- References -- 9 Endospores, Sporulation and Germination -- Endospore Structure and Resistance -- Endospore Formation -- Endospore Germination -- Endospore Germination as a Therapeutic Target -- Endospore Detection -- Endospore-Based Technology -- Endospore-Borne Diseases -- Anthrax -- Bacillus cereus Syndromes -- Tetanus -- Botulism -- Clostridium sordellii and Toxic Shock Syndrome -- Clostridium difficile Infections (CDI) -- Clostridium perfringens Infections -- Opportunistic Infections -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Bacterial Cell Function -- 10 Bacterial Growth, Culturability and Viability -- Introduction -- Bacterial Growth -- Patterns of Growth and Sources of Information -- Molecular Information Related to Bacterial Growth -- Ribosomal RNA -- Chromosome Replication -- Cell Division -- Global Regulatory Proteins -- Growth and Stasis.

Exponential Phase -- Exponential Phase Inocula: A Key Resource in Bacteriology -- Stress Responses -- Stationary Phase -- Dormancy and Sporulation -- Exit from Dormant or Stationary Cellular States and Re-entry into Growth -- Asymmetric Cell Division -- Culturability and Viability -- Culturability -- 'As Yet Uncultured' (AYU) Bacteria -- Cells of Culturable Organisms That Are Not Recovered in Culture -- Viability -- The VBNC Controversy -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 Bacterial Energy Metabolism -- Introduction to Energy Metabolism -- Scope of Chapter -- Chemiosmosis -- ATPase -- Na+-ATPase -- Fermentation -- Fermentations of Sugars and Polysaccharides -- Fermentation Pathways -- Ethanol Fermentations -- Lactate Fermentations -- Mixed Acid Fermentations -- Butyrate Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Utilization of Complex Carbohydrates -- Starch Utilization -- Xylan Utilization -- Cellulose Degradation -- Aerobic Respiration -- Components of Respiratory Chains -- Cytochrome Oxidases -- Cytochrome caa3 Oxidases -- Cytochrome cbb3 Oxidases -- Cytochrome bo3 Oxidase -- Cytochrome bd Oxidase -- Anaerobic Respiration -- Denitrification -- The Reductases Involved in Denitrification -- Nitrate Reductase Nar and Nitrate/Nitrite Transporter NarK -- Nitrite Reductases -- Nitric Oxide Reductases -- Nitrous Oxide Reductases -- Fumarate and Trimethylamine Oxide Reductases -- Regulation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism -- The Requirement for Regulation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism -- Basic Principles of Regulatory Systems in Bacteria -- NarX-NarL Two-Component System -- Regulation at the Global Level by a Two-Component System: ArcB-ArcA -- Fnr - a One-Component System -- Diversity of Bacterial Energy Metabolism Regulators -- Regulatory Networks -- Energy Metabolism of Selected Bacterial Pathogens -- Campylobacter jejuni -- Helicobacter pylori.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.