Obesity : Health and Economic Consequences of an Impending Global Challenge.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Executive Summary -- What This Report Does -- Obesity: The Problem Defined -- The Health and Economic Costs of Obesity -- Factors Affecting Obesity -- Opportunities to Address Obesity -- Country Experience to Date -- Conclusions and Next Steps -- Chapter 1: Why This Report Now? -- Overweight/Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb -- A Drain on National Economies and an Imperative for Government Action -- Global Attention to Overweight/Obesity -- What Is New in This Report? -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Prevalence and Trends -- What Is Overweight/Obesity? -- Global Overweight/Obesity Prevalence -- Global and Regional Trends in Overweight/Obesity over Time -- The Equity Perspective -- The Double Burden of Malnutrition -- Annex 2A: Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity: Additional Tables and Figures -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: Health and Economic Impacts of Overweight/Obesity -- The Health Impact: Why Overweight/Obesity Matters -- The Economic Costs of Overweight/Obesity -- The Economic Factors That Affect Overweight/Obesity -- The Role of Government -- The Cost of Overweight/Obesity for Climate Co-Benefits and Water Use -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Factors Affecting Overweight/Obesity Prevalence -- Global Factors Associated with Increased Overweight/Obesity -- Factors Linked to Weight Gain and Overweight/Obesity at the Individual and Community Levels -- The Role of Changing Diets and Food Systems -- Impetus for Action -- References -- Chapter 5: Addressing Overweight/Obesity: Lessons for Future Actions -- Typology of Actions to Prevent Overweight/Obesity -- Approaches to Reducing Overweight/Obesity -- Taxation for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Design, Impact, and Challenges -- Diet-Related Taxation.

Country Experience with Other Diet-Related Programs and Policies -- Lessons for Overweight/Obesity Prevention Strategies from Nine Country Case Studies -- Key Interventions with Potential for Impact -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6: Business Unusual: How Can Development Partners Support Countries to Fight Obesity? -- The Role of Development Partners in Supporting Countries to Prevent Overweight/Obesity -- Is There Potential for Business Unusual? -- Strategic Area 1: Leveraging the Range of Tools to Scale Up Investments -- Strategic Area 2: Scaling Up Promising Interventions and Policies -- Strategic Area 3: Building the Evidence and Knowledge Base across Sectors -- Conclusions and Next Steps: The Opportunities and the Challenges -- References -- Boxes -- Box 3.1 Obesity: Both a Disease and a Risk Factor -- Box 5.1 The Impact of Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Nonessential Foods in Mexico -- Box 5.2 Links between Active Transport and Overweight/Obesity -- Box 6.1 Key Milestones for Scaling Up Global Efforts to Prevent Overweight/Obesity -- Box 6.2 What Is Human Capital and How Are Countries Engaged? -- Box 6.3 From Diagnostics to Dialogue to Development Finance: Building Momentum for Scaling Up Engagement on Overweight/Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases in the Pacific -- Box 6.4 Learning from Experience in Global Tobacco Control -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 More Than Three-Quarters of Overweight or Obese Individuals Live in Middle-Income Countries -- Figure ES.2 Health Impacts of Overweight/Obesity -- Figure ES.3 Factors Affecting Overweight/Obesity: A Conceptual Framework -- Figure ES.4 Strategic Areas for Potential Development Partners Action -- Figure 1.1 Human Capital Index and Its Links to Nutrition -- Figure 2.1 Global Overweight and Obesity Rates: Children under 5 and Ages 5-19, and Adults Ages 20+.

Figure 2.2 More Than Three-Quarters of Overweight/Obese Individuals Live in Middle-Income Countries -- Figure 2.3 Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity by Age Group and Region, 1980-2016 -- Figure 2.4 Shift in Burden of Overweight/Obesity to the Poor -- Figure 2.5 Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity among Women Ages 15-49 by Urban/Rural Residence, Selected Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Figure 2.6 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, East Asia and Pacific -- Figure 2.7 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, Europe and Central Asia -- Figure 2.8 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, Latin America and the Caribbean -- Figure 2.9 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 2.10 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, South Asia -- Figure 2.11 Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition, Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figure 2A.1 Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity by Region -- Figure 2A.2 Country-Level Double Burden: Low-Income Countries -- Figure 2A.3 Country-Level Double Burden: Lower-Middle-Income Countries -- Figure 2A.4 Country-Level Double Burden: Upper-Middle-Income Countries -- Figure 2A.5 Country-Level Double Burden: High-Income Countries -- Figure 3.1 Health Impacts of Overweight/Obesity -- Figure 4.1 Factors Affecting Overweight/Obesity: A Conceptual Framework -- Figure B5.1.1 Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes in Mexico in Year 1 -- Figure B5.1.2 Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Mexico in Year 1 by Socioeconomic Status (SES) -- Figure B5.1.3 Two-Year Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Mexico -- Figure 5.1 Chile's Multipronged Obesity Prevention Program -- Figure 6.1 Benefits of Investing in Human Capital -- Figure B6.2.1 Ingredients of the Human Capital Index -- Figure 6.2 Human Capital Index and Its Links to Nutrition.

Figure 6.3 Strategic Areas for Potential Development Partners Action -- Maps -- Map ES.1 Overweight/Obesity Prevalence by Country Income Level -- Map ES.2 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes around the World -- Map ES.3 Countries with Mandatory or Voluntary Front-of-Package Labels -- Map 2.1 Proposed Public Health Significance of Overweight/Obesity by Age and Country -- Map 2.2 Overweight/Obesity Prevalence by Country Income Level -- Map 2.3 Double Burden of Malnutrition: Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Map 5.1 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes around the World -- Map 5.2 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: The Americas -- Map 5.3 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Europe and Northern Africa -- Map 5.4 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Pacific -- Map 5.5 Countries with Mandatory or Voluntary Front-of-Package Labels -- Map 5.6 Countries with Mandatory Front-of-Package Labels -- Map 5.7 Countries with Any Statutory Regulations on Marketing Food to Children -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Key Interventions with Potential for Impact -- Table 2.1 Proposed Cutoff Values for Public Health Significance of Country-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition -- Table 2A.1 Proposed Cutoff Values for Public Health Significance of Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity, Adults and Children -- Table 2A.2 Level of Double Burden by Country -- Table 3.1 Body Fatness and Risk of Cancer Incidence: Evidence from the WCRF/AICR Third Expert Report -- Table 3.2 The Economic Costs of Overweight/Obesity -- Table 3.3 Summary of Estimated Costs of Overweight/Obesity in Selected Countries -- Table 5.1 Typology of Interventions -- Table 5.2 Diet-Related Taxes in Five Case Study Areas -- Table 5.3 Overview of Strategies and Processes to Prevent and Manage Overweight/Obesity -- Table 5.4 Key Interventions with Potential for Impact.

Table 6.1 Partners Engaged in Overweight/Obesity Prevention -- Table 6.2 An Overview of Relevant World Bank Products and Services to Support Countries -- Table 6.3 Summary of World Bank Experience in Overweight/Obesity Policies and Interventions -- Table 6.4 Overview of Options to Tax Unhealthy Foods and Subsidize Healthy Foods -- Table 6.5 Overview of Options for Food Labeling -- Table 6.6 Overview of Options for Regulating Access to Unhealthy Foods -- Table 6.7 Role of the Transport Sector in Addressing Overweight/Obesity -- Table 6.8 Working through the Education Sector to Reduce Overweight/Obesity -- Table 6.9 Prenatal and Early Childhood Nutrition Interventions -- Table 6.10 Food Systems Interventions -- Table 6.11 Five Key Strategies Suggested by the EAT Lancet Commission: Implications for Sectors Involved.

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