Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation : Resolving the Controversy.

Cover -- REWARDS AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -- Contents -- PART I INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation Controversy -- NOTES -- PART II REWARDS AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION: A LOOK AT THE EARLY RESEARCH -- Chapter 2 How Rewards Got a Bad Reputation -- WHAT IS INTRINSIC MOTIVATION? -- THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF REWARD HYPOTHESIS -- DECI'S ORIGINAL EXPERIMENTS -- THE STANFORD EXPERIMENT -- A SUMMARY OF THE EARLY RESEARCH FINDINGS -- POPULAR ACCEPTANCE OF THE VIEW THAT REWARDS ARE HARMFUL -- NOTES -- Chapter 3 Why Rewards Do Not Deserve a Bad Reputation -- PROBLEMS WITH THE EARLY EXPERIMENTS -- Reinforcement versus Reward -- Promise of Reward versus Reward -- Withdrawal of Promised Reward -- Effects of Choice and the Free-Time Measure -- Verbal versus Tangible Rewards -- Tangible Rewards Offered for Drawing versus Solving Puzzles -- Attitude Measure of Intrinsic Motivation -- SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGNS ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF REWARD -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- PART III THEORETICAL DISPUTES OVER REWARDS AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -- Chapter 4 Theoretical Perspectives on Rewards as Harmful -- COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY -- Cognitive Evaluation, Rewards, and Intrinsic Motivation -- Predictions about the Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation -- Tangible Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation -- Verbal Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation -- Rewards and Interpersonal Context -- Rewards and Initial Task Interest -- Summary of Predictions Made by Cognitive Evaluation Theory -- A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY -- ATTRIBUTION, OVERJUSTIFICATION, AND DISCOUNTING -- Predictions about the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation -- EVALUATION OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY AND THE OVERJUSTIFICATION HYPOTHESIS -- NOTES -- Chapter 5 Theoretical Perspectives on Rewards as Helpful.

SOCIAL LEARNING, REWARDS, AND MOTIVATION -- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators -- Self-Regulation and Intrinsic Motivation -- Rewards, Competence, and Interest -- Non-Competency-Contingent and Competency-Contingent Rewards -- Rewards and the Social Validation of Competence -- Temporal Lag and the Threshold between Competence and Interest -- BEHAVIOR THEORY, REWARDS, AND MOTIVATION -- Behavior Analysis, Rewards, and Intrinsic Motivation -- Doing Things for Natural Rewards -- Doing Things for Natural and Social Rewards -- Doing Things When Reward Is Intermittent or Delayed -- Behavior Analysis, Rewards, and the Disruption of Performance -- Differential Effects of Tangible Rewards and Praise -- Reinforcing versus Nonreinforcing Rewards -- Associating Rewards with Failure -- Rewards Used as a Form of Coercion -- Social and Cultural Issues -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- NOTES -- PART IV THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPACT OF REWARDS ON INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -- Chapter 6 An Overview of the Experiments on Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation -- BETWEEN-GROUP DESIGNS -- The Impact of Moderator Variables -- Type of Reward -- Reward Expectancy -- Reward Contingency -- Maximal versus Less Than Maximal Reward -- Reward Salience -- Level of Initial Task Interest -- Interpersonal Contexts -- Other Variables That Moderate the Impact of Rewards -- Measures of Intrinsic Motivation -- SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGNS -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- Chapter 7 A Critique of Meta-analyses of the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation -- THE TECHNIQUE AND LOGIC OF META-ANALYSIS -- META-ANALYSES OF THE EFFECTS OF REWARDS ON INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -- Rummel and Feinberg (1988): Effects of Controlling Rewards -- An Assessment of Rummel and Feinberg's Meta-analysis -- Wiersma (1992): The Measurement of Intrinsic Motivation -- An Assessment of Wiersma's Meta-analysis.

Tang and Hall (1995): The Overjustification Hypothesis -- An Assessment of Tang and Hall's Meta-analysis -- Cameron and Pierce (1994) and Eisenberger and Cameron (1996): The First Hierarchical Meta-analysis -- An Assessment the Meta-analyses of Cameron and Pierce and of Eisenberger and Cameron -- Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999): A New Hierarchical Meta-analysis -- An Assessment of Deci, Koestner, and Ryan's Meta-analysis -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- Chapter 8 A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation -- THE PRESENT META-ANALYSIS -- Research Questions -- Sample of Studies -- Classification and Coding of Studies -- Calculation and Analysis of Effect Sizes -- Procedures Used in Our Hierarchical Analysis -- RESULTS -- Overall Effects of Reward -- Effects of Reward on Low- and High-Interest Tasks -- Breakdown of Reward Effects on High-Interest Tasks -- Effects of Reward Type -- Effects of Reward Expectancy -- Effects of Reward Contingency -- Effects of Maximum versus Less Than Maximum Reward -- SUMMARY OF OUR META-ANALYTIC FINDINGS -- DURABILITY OF REWARD EFFECTS ON INTRINSIC MOTIVATION -- ASSESSMENT OF MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- NOTES -- Appendix 8A: Technical Aspects of Our Meta-Analysis and Statistical Findings -- OUR META-ANALYTIC PROCEDURES -- Selection of Studies -- Coding of Studies -- Intercoder Reliability -- Computation and Analysis of Effect Sizes -- Procedures in a Hierarchical Meta-analysis -- STATISTICAL RESULTS OF OUR META-ANALYSIS -- All Rewards -- The Effects of Rewards on Low-Interest Tasks -- The Effects of Rewards on High-Interest Tasks -- Verbal Rewards -- Tangible Rewards -- NOTES -- Appendix 8B: Studies Included in our Meta-Analysis -- Chapter 9 Discussion and Implications of Our Meta-analytic Findings -- WHAT OUR META-ANALYTIC RESULTS REVEAL.

A COMPARISON OF OUR META-ANALYTIC FINDINGS TO THOSE OF DECI, KOESTNER, AND RYAN (1999) -- MAGNITUDE AND IMPACT OF REWARD EFFECTS -- THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS -- Cognitive Evaluation Theory -- The Overjustification Hypothesis -- Social Learning Theory -- Behavioral Accounts -- SUMMARY OF THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS -- PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- PART V REWARDS AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION: A SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- Chapter 10 A Sociohistorical Analysis of the Literature on Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation -- THE RISE OF BEHAVIORISM AND THE DECLINE OF MENTALISM -- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) -- John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) -- Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) -- Burrhus Fredrick Skinner (1904-1990) -- CHALLENGES TO BEHAVIORISM -- Humanism and Behaviorism -- Cognitive Psychology and Behaviorism -- Social Psychology, Rewards, and Attitudes -- THE INTRINSIC MOTIVATION LITERATURE IN CONTEXT -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- PART VI PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF REWARDS -- Chapter 11 The Effective Use of Rewards in Everyday Life -- EFFECTIVE USE OF INCENTIVES IN EVERYDAY LIFE -- Incentives for Performing Uninteresting Activities -- Tangible Incentives for Performing Interesting Activities -- Encouragement: Use of Praise as an Incentive -- EFFECTIVE USE OF REINFORCEMENT IN EVERYDAY LIFE -- Aspects of Reward and Reinforcement -- Rules for Effective Reinforcement -- Rule 1: Specify the Target Behavior -- Rule 2: Arrange a Favorable Situation -- Rule 3: Select Effective Rewards and Behavioral Consequences -- Rule 4: Set the Reinforcement Contingency -- Rule 5: Wait for the Target Behavior to Occur and Then Reinforce It -- Rule 6: Move from Continuous to Intermittent Reinforcement -- Rule 7: Monitor the Results of Your Reward Program -- Rule 8: Experiment-Be Ready to Change and Change Again -- NOTES -- PART VII CONCLUSION.

Chapter 12 Resolving the Controversy over Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation -- NOTES -- References -- Index -- About the Authors.

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