The Treatment of Epilepsy.

Intro -- Title page -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Historical Introduction The Drug Treatment of Epilepsy from 1857 to 2015 -- Commentary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Section I Introduction -- 1 Definition (Terminology) and Classification in Epilepsy: A Historical Survey and Current Formulation, with Special Reference to the ILAE -- Definition -- Classification -- The future of classification schemes of epilepsy -- Definition -- Definition and classification - status epilepticus -- Afterthought -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy -- Introduction -- General approach to the diagnosis of episodic disturbances -- Syncope -- Non-epileptic seizures -- Panic disorder -- Migraine -- Sleep disorders -- Vertigo -- Movement disorders -- Cerebral ischaemia -- Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities -- Transient global amnesia -- References -- 3 Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis -- Membrane ion channels -- Membrane ion channels as targets for antibodies in acquired autoimmune disorders -- Network and system involvement in epileptogenesis -- Epileptogenesis as a process -- New targets for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic strategies -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Antiepileptic Drug Discovery -- Characteristics of the ideal model system -- The current era of AED discovery -- Anticonvulsant Screening Program -- Early identification of antiepileptic activity -- MES, scPTZ and 6-Hz tests -- Differentiation of anticonvulsant activity -- Pharmacological profile and potential clinical utility -- Pharmacoresistant seizure models -- Therapeutic index and toxicity assessment -- Aetiologically relevant model systems -- Beyond the seizure -- Antiepileptogenesis and disease modification (see also Chapter 8) -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References.

5 Antiepileptic Drug Development -- Introduction -- Overview on clinical studies and trials for drug development -- Opportunities for developing better antiseizure AEDs -- Development of epilepsy drugs beyond suppressing seizures -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drug Action -- Main targets -- Other targets -- References -- 7 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Tolerance -- Introduction -- The concept of drug resistance in epilepsy -- Disease-related mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy -- Drug-related mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy -- Pharmacogenetic mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy -- Proof-of-concept of drug resistance hypotheses -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Epilepsy Biomarkers -- Introduction -- Need for biomarkers -- Mechanisms of epilepsy -- Potential biomarkers -- Research to identify biomarkers -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Section II Principles of Medical Management -- 9 General Principles of Medical Management -- Aims of treatment -- When should treatment be started? -- Initiation of treatment and dose optimization -- Assessing clinical response -- What next when the initial treatment fails? - monotherapy and combination therapy -- How long should treatment be continued? -- References -- 10 Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Therapy -- Introduction -- Basic pharmacokinetic principles -- Why do individuals respond differently to the same drug concentration? -- The concept of reference range -- The concept of individual therapeutic concentrations and interpretation of serum concentrations in the clinical setting -- Practical aspects in the application of TDM -- Tailored therapy and future developments for TDM -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 Management of Chronic Active Epilepsy in Adults -- Prognosis and outcome of treatment of chronic active epilepsy.

Provision of care -- Treatment approach for chronic active epilepsy in adult patients -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Management of Epilepsy in Remission -- Introduction -- Risk of relapse upon AED withdrawal -- Factors associated with seizure relapse after AED withdrawal -- Antiepileptic drug withdrawal after epilepsy surgery -- Consequences of relapse -- Risks associated with continuing AEDs (or benefits of withdrawal) -- Patient attitudes -- Clinical therapeutics -- References -- 13 Management of Epilepsy in Neonates and Infants -- Introduction -- Currently available drug therapies for neonates -- Currently available drug therapies for infants -- Treatment of acute neonatal seizures and neonatal status epilepticus -- Treatment of specific syndromes in the neonatal period -- Treatment of specific syndromes in the infantile period -- Prognosis and complications of neonatal and infantile seizures -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Management of Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes -- Introduction -- Treatment of childhood epilepsy: the evidence base -- References -- 15 Management of Epilepsy in People with Intellectual Disabilities -- The importance of the topic -- Comprehensive epilepsy service -- Antiepileptic drug treatment -- Influence of aetiology and disease mechanisms on epilepsy treatment -- Non-pharmacological treatment -- Acute seizure treatment with benzodiazepines -- Concomitant psychopharmacological treatment -- Prognosis of epilepsy in intellectually disabled patients -- References -- 16 Management of Epilepsy in the Elderly -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis -- Clinical presentation of epilepsy in the elderly -- Investigations -- Electroencephalography -- Neuroimaging -- Risk of recurrence -- Treatment of epilepsy in the elderly -- Pharmacokinetic changes -- Pharmacodynamic changes -- Antiepileptic drug choice.

Older antiepileptic drugs -- Newer antiepileptic drugs -- Comorbid conditions and medication interactions -- Epilepsy surgery -- Aspects of the impact of epilepsy in old age -- References -- 17 Emergency Treatment of Seizures and Status Epilepticus -- Status epilepticus -- Drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -- Treatment of acute seizures and acute repetitive seizures -- Treatment of tonic-clonic status epilepticus -- Drug treatment of tonic-clonic status epilepticus -- Treatment of common forms of non-convulsive status epilepticus -- Summary of drug therapies most commonly used in status epilepticus -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 18 Management of Medical Comorbidity Associated with Epilepsy -- Introduction -- Bone health in epilepsy -- Organ dysfunction -- Cancer and epilepsy -- Infections and epilepsy -- Connective tissue disorders -- Pulmonary disease -- Cardiac disease -- References -- 19 Psychiatric Features of Epilepsy and their Management -- Anxiety and affective disorders -- Prevalence of anxiety and affective disorders in epilepsy -- 'Bidirectional relationship' between epilepsy and depression -- Diagnostic criteria -- Atypical affective disorders in epilepsy -- Generalized anxiety disorder -- Panic disorder -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Suicide -- Treatment of depression in epilepsy -- Pharmacokinetic interactions between antidepressants and AEDs -- Pharmacodynamic interactions -- Cognitive behavioural therapy -- Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation -- Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression -- Psychoses of epilepsy -- Ictal delirium -- Ictal psychosis (complex partial status epilepticus) -- Postictal psychosis -- Interictal psychosis -- Therapy of psychosis in epilepsy -- Postoperative psychiatric disorders -- Forced normalization.

Personality disorders in epilepsy -- Mental and behavioural disorders secondary to AED use -- References -- 20 Prevention and Management of Side-effects of Antiepileptic Drugs -- Types of adverse effects -- Prevention and management of adverse effects -- References -- 21 Ketogenic Diets -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of action -- Seizure outcomes -- Ketogenic diets and adults -- Alternative ketogenic diets -- Indications for the ketogenic diet -- Calculation of the ketogenic diet -- Initiation of the ketogenic diet -- Handling increased seizures -- Discontinuation of the ketogenic diet -- Side-effects -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Epilepsy -- Introduction -- Importance of indirect benefits -- Ancient medical traditions -- Herbal remedies -- Homeopathy -- Behavioural approaches -- Conclusions -- References -- 23 Reproductive Aspects of Epilepsy Treatment -- Fertility -- Birth control -- Pregnancy in women with epilepsy -- Implications for the treatment of women of child-bearing age -- References -- 24 Genetic Counselling in Epilepsy -- Introduction -- The pedigree as a diagnostic tool -- Risk assessment -- Genetic testing -- Mode of inheritance of genetic disorders -- Genetic counselling in epilepsy: approaching a heterogeneous disorder -- Genetic syndromes including epilepsy as an important clinical feature -- Conclusions -- References -- 25 Drug Interactions -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of drug interactions -- Pharmacokinetic interactions -- Pharmacodynamic interactions -- Conclusions -- References -- 26 Medical Treatment of Epilepsy in Resource-Poor Countries -- Introduction -- Diagnosing epilepsy in LAMICS -- Treating epilepsy in LAMICs -- Epilepsy service organization in LAMICS -- References -- Section III Antiepileptic Drugs.

27 Introduction to the Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.