Low-Energy Lunar Trajectory Design.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- 1 Introduction and Executive Summary -- 1.1 Purpose -- 1.2 Organization -- 1.3 Executive Summary -- 1.3.1 Direct, Conventional Transfers -- 1.3.2 Low-Energy Transfers -- 1.3.3 Summary: Low-Energy Transfers to Lunar Libration Orbits -- 1.3.4 Summary: Low-Energy Transfers to Low Lunar Orbits -- 1.3.5 Summary: Low-Energy Transfers to the Lunar Surface -- 1.4 Background -- 1.5 The Lunar Transfer Problem -- 1.6 Historical Missions -- 1.6.1 Missions Implementing Direct Lunar Transfers -- 1.6.2 Low-Energy Missions to the Sun-Earth Lagrange Points -- 1.6.3 Missions Implementing Low-Energy Lunar Transfers -- 1.7 Low-Energy Lunar Transfers -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Methodology Introduction -- 2.2 Physical Data -- 2.3 Time Systems -- 2.3.1 Dynamical Time, ET -- 2.3.2 International Atomic Time, TAI -- 2.3.3 Universal Time, UT -- 2.3.4 Coordinated Universal Time, UTC -- 2.3.5 Lunar Time -- 2.3.6 Local True Solar Time, LTST -- 2.3.7 Orbit Local Solar Time, OLST -- 2.4 Coordinate Frames -- 2.4.1 EME2000 -- 2.4.2 EMO2000 -- 2.4.3 Principal Axis Frame -- 2.4.4 IAU Frames -- 2.4.5 Synodic Frames -- 2.5 Models -- 2.5.1 CRTBP -- 2.5.2 Patched Three-Body Model -- 2.5.3 JPL Ephemeris -- 2.6 Low-Energy Mission Design -- 2.6.1 Dynamical Systems Theory -- 2.6.2 Solutions to the CRTBP -- 2.6.3 Poincaré Maps -- 2.6.4 The State Transition and Monodromy Matrices -- 2.6.5 Differential Correction -- 2.6.6 Constructing Periodic Orbits -- 2.6.7 The Continuation Method -- 2.6.8 Orbit Stability -- 2.6.9 Examples of Practical Three-Body Orbits -- 2.6.10 Invariant Manifolds -- 2.6.11 Orbit Transfers -- 2.6.12 Building Complex Orbit Chains -- 2.6.13 Discussion -- 2.7 Tools -- 2.7.1 Numerical Integrators -- 2.7.2 Optimizers -- 2.7.3 Software -- 3 Transfers to Lunar Libration Orbits.

3.1 Executive Summary -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Direct Transfers Between Earth and Lunar Libration Orbits -- 3.3.1 Methodology -- 3.3.2 The Perigee-Point Scenario -- 3.3.3 The Open-Point Scenario -- 3.3.4 Surveying Direct Lunar Halo Orbit Transfers -- 3.3.5 Discussion of Results -- 3.3.6 Reducing the ΔV Cost -- 3.3.7 Conclusions -- 3.4 Low-Energy Transfers Between Earth and Lunar Libration Orbits -- 3.4.1 Modeling a Low-Energy Transfer using Dynamical Systems Theory -- 3.4.2 Energy Analysis of a Low-Energy Transfer -- 3.4.3 Constructing a Low-Energy Transfer in the Patched Three-Body Model -- 3.4.4 Constructing a Low-Energy Transfer in the Ephemeris Model of the Solar System -- 3.4.5 Families of Low-Energy Transfers -- 3.4.6 Monthly Variations in Low-Energy Transfers -- 3.4.7 Transfers to Other Three-Body Orbits -- 3.5 Three-Body Orbit Transfers -- 3.5.1 Transfers from an LL2 Halo Orbit to a Low Lunar Orbit -- 4 Transfers to Low Lunar Orbits -- 4.1 Executive Summary -- 4.2 Introduction -- 4.3 Direct Transfers Between Earth and Low Lunar Orbit -- 4.4 Low-Energy Transfers Between Earth and Low Lunar Orbit -- 4.4.1 Methodology -- 4.4.2 Example Survey -- 4.4.3 Arriving at a First-Quarter Moon -- 4.4.4 Arriving at a Third-Quarter Moon -- 4.4.5 Arriving at a Full Moon -- 4.4.6 Monthly Trends -- 4.4.7 Practical Considerations -- 4.4.8 Conclusions for Low-Energy Transfers Between Earth and Low Lunar Orbit -- 4.5 Transfers Between Lunar Libration Orbits and Low Lunar Orbits -- 4.6 Transfers Between Low Lunar Orbits and the Lunar Surface -- 5 Transfers to the Lunar Surface -- 5.1 Executive Summary -- 5.2 Introduction for Transfers to the Lunar Surface -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.4 Analysis of Planar Transfers between the Earth and the Lunar Surface -- 5.5 Low-Energy Spatial Transfers Between the Earth and the Lunar Surface.

5.5.1 Trajectories Normal to the Surface -- 5.5.2 Trajectories Arriving at Various Angles to the Lunar Surface -- 5.6 Transfers Between Lunar Libration Orbits and the Lunar Surface -- 5.7 Transfers Between Low Lunar Orbits and the Lunar Surface -- 5.8 Conclusions Regarding Transfers to the Lunar Surface -- 6 Operations -- 6.1 Operations Executive Summary -- 6.2 Operations Introduction -- 6.3 Launch Sites -- 6.4 Launch Vehicles -- 6.5 Designing a Launch Period -- 6.5.1 Low-Energy Launch Periods -- 6.5.2 An Example Mission Scenario -- 6.5.3 Targeting Algorithm -- 6.5.4 Building a Launch Period -- 6.5.5 Reference Transfers -- 6.5.6 Statistical Costs of Desirable Missions to Low Lunar Orbit -- 6.5.7 Varying the LEO Inclination -- 6.5.8 Targeting a Realistic Mission to Other Destinations -- 6.5.9 Launch Period Design Summary -- 6.6 Navigation -- 6.6.1 Launch Targets -- 6.6.2 Station-Keeping -- 6.7 Spacecraft Systems Design -- Appendix A: Locating the Lagrange Points -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Setting Up the System -- A.3 Triangular Points -- A.4 Collinear Points -- A.4.1 Case 132: Identifying the L1 point -- A.4.2 Case 123: Identifying the L2 point -- A.4.3 Case 312: Identifying the L3 point -- A.5 Algorithms -- A.5.1 Numerical Determination of L1 -- A.5.2 Numerical Determination of L2 -- A.5.3 Numerical Determination of L3 -- References -- Terms -- Constants -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.