Phosphorus Fractionation and Removal in Wastewater Treatment : Implications for Minimizing Effluent Phosphorus.

Cover -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Abstract and Benefits -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1.0: Introduction -- 1.1 Background and Motivations -- 1.2 Phosphorus Fractions and Speciation in Wastewater -- 1.3 Current State of Knowledge -- 1.3.1 The Composition and Fractionation of TP Vary in Effluents from Different Processes -- 1.3.2 "Organic" Phosphorus in Highly Treated Effluents -- 1.3.3 Treatability of Different P Fractions is Not Fully Understood -- 1.3.4 Effect of Various Treatment Processes on Effluent TP Compositions -- 1.3.5 Kinetics Matter for Chemical P Removal -- 1.3.6 Micro-Scale Structural Characterization of P Species Provides Insights in the P Removal Mechanisms -- 1.3.7 Current WRRF Model Does Not Consider Different P Fractions -- 1.4 Purpose and Objectives -- 1.5 Expected Outcomes -- Chapter 2.0: Project Approach and Methods -- 2.1 Overall Research Plan -- 2.2 Selection of Phosphorus Treatment Technologies for the Study -- 2.2.1 Facility Selection and Process Description -- 2.2.2 Sample ID and Sampling Frequency -- 2.3 Phosphorus Fractions Analysis -- 2.3.1 Phosphorus Fractions Analysis with Standard Methods -- 2.3.2 P Fractionation by Molecular Weight Cut-Off -- 2.3.3 Sequential Extraction for Chemically Bound Phosphorus Determination -- 2.4 QA/QC Procedures for P Analysis -- 2.4.1 Field Sampling and Storage -- 2.4.2 Potential Interferences in Phosphorus Fractions Analysis with Standard Methods -- 2.4.3 Laboratory Analysis -- 2.4.4 Comparison of P Fractions Analysis Results Among Different Laboratories -- 2.5 Wastewater Effluents Characterization -- 2.5.1 pH and Temperature -- 2.5.2 Organic Matters in Wastewater Effluent (TOC, DOC) -- 2.5.3 Effluent Characterization via Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

2.6 Modeling Fate and Removal of Phosphorus Fractions Through WRRFs -- 2.6.1 P Fractions in Raw Wastewater and Primary Effluent -- 2.6.2 P Fractions in Activated Sludge -- 2.6.3 P Removal Mechanisms in Unit Processes -- 2.6.4 Procedure for Building Simulation Models for WRRFs Sampled -- Chapter 3.0: Phosphorus Fractions and Removal in Secondary and Tertiary Wastewater Effluents -- 3.1 P Fractions and Removal Across Secondary P Removal Processes -- 3.1.1 Secondary BNR Processes -- 3.1.2 MBR -- 3.2 P Fractions and Removal Through Tertiary Treatment Processes -- 3.2.1 Tertiary Sedimentation Process -- 3.2.2 Tertiary Single-Stage Filtration Processes -- 3.2.3 Multi-Stage Filtration Processes -- 3.2.4 Combined Sedimentation and Filtration Processes -- 3.3 Adsorption Processes -- 3.3.1 Fractionation and Removal of Soluble P -- 3.3.2 Fractionation and Removal of Particulate P -- 3.3.3 Fractionation and Removal of Total P -- 3.4 P Fractions Across Different Secondary and Advanced Processes -- Chapter 4.0: Occurrence and Implication of Non-Reactive P Fractions in Advanced Phosphorus Removal -- 4.1 Occurrence of DOP in Various Effluents -- 4.1.1 Range and Level of Effluent DOP Among Different Secondary and Tertiary Processes -- 4.1.2 DOP Removal Through Different Secondary and Tertiary Processes -- 4.2 Occurrence of Soluble Non-Reactive P in Various Effluents -- 4.2.1 Range and Level of Effluent sNRP Among Different Secondary and Tertiary Processes -- 4.2.2 sNRP Removal Through Different Secondary and Tertiary Processes -- Chapter 5.0: Wastewater Organic Matter Characterization and Correlation with Organic Phosphorus Fractions -- 5.1 Effluent Characterization Using Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 5.1.1 Variations of Organic Matter in Effluents -- 5.1.2 Correlation Between Fluorescence-Identified Organic Matters with P Fractions.

5.2 Phosphorus Species Characterization with MWCO Analysis -- 5.3 Correlation of Effluent TOC and DOC Results with P Fractions -- Chapter 6.0: Chemically Bound Phosphorus Fractions In Wastewater Effluents -- 6.1 Level and Fate of Chemically Bound P Through Secondary Processes -- 6.1.1 Secondary BNR Processes -- 6.1.2 Secondary BNR-MBR -- 6.2 Level and Fate of Chemically Bound P Through Tertiary Processes -- 6.2.1 Single-Stage Sedimentation or Filtration Processes -- 6.2.2 Multi-Stage Filtration or Sedimentation Followed by Filtration Processes -- Chapter 7.0: Summary and Conclusions -- 7.1 P Levels and Composition in Wastewater Effluents -- 7.2 Implications of Non-Reactive P Fractions for Minimizing Effluent TP -- 7.3 Removal of Different P Fractions -- 7.4 Insights into Non-Reactive P Composition and Correlation with Wastewater Characteristics -- 7.5 BioWinTM Simulations to Predict Effluent P Level and Fractions -- 7.6 Final Statements of Implications for Regulations and Technology Development -- Appendix A: Modeling Removal P Fractions Through Various Treatment Processes -- References.

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