Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism Applications.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism: Definitions, History, Types of Agents, New Trends and Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definitions -- 3 History -- 3.1 20th Century -- 3.2 21st Century -- 4 Types of Agents -- 4.1 Category A -- 4.1.1 Anthrax -- 4.1.2 Smallpox -- 4.1.3 Botulinum Toxin -- 4.1.4 Bubonic Plague -- 4.1.5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers -- 4.1.6 Tularemia -- 4.2 Category B -- 4.3 Category C -- 5 Recent Advances of Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Weapons of Terrorism -- 6 Planning and Response -- 6.1 Preparedness -- 6.2 Aspects of Protection Against Bioterrorism Mainly in the US Include -- 6.3 Biosurveillance -- 6.4 Response to Bioterrorism Incident or Threat -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Microfluidics a Potent Route to Sample Delivery for Non-intrusive Sensors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microfluidics: Basic Features -- 3 Dual Flow for Mobile Liquid-Liquid Interfaces -- 4 Transport Phenomena Under Flow Conditions -- 5 Electrophoretic Field Effects -- 6 Cell Resolution -- 7 Dual Flow Heterogeneity -- 8 In Situ Polymer Membrane Formation -- 9 Sensor Incorporation in Microfluidics -- 10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 New Routes in the High-Throughput Screening of Toxic Proteins Using Immunochemical Tools -- Abstract -- 1 Lethal Plant/Bacteria Proteins as Potential Warfare Agents: An Overview -- 1.1 Plant Protein Toxins -- 1.2 Bacterial Protein Toxins -- 2 Nanostructured Immunosensors for the on-Site Detection of Toxic Proteins in Food and Biological Samples -- 2.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors -- 2.1.1 Amperometric Immunosensors with Highly Conductive Nanoparticle-Modified Transducers -- 2.1.2 Impedance Immunosensors -- 2.2 Piezoelectric Imunosensors -- 2.3 Optical Immunosensors -- 2.3.1 Optical Fiber/Fluorescence-Combined Immunoassays.

2.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Imunosensors -- 3 Immunoassay Implementation: Labelled Vs. Label-Free Formats for the Detection of Proteins in Liquid Samples -- 4 Solving Current Issues in High-Throughput Analysis: Decreasing the Detection Limit and the Response Time of the Sensor -- 5 Future Applications in Point-of-Care Systems -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Sensing of Explosives and Its Mixtures -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Detection of Explosives by Simple Voltammetry -- 1.2 Improvement of Voltammetric Results with Use of Chemometrics -- 2 Systems Using a Single Sensor -- 3 Systems Using a Sensor Array -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Magneto Actuated Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens and Infection Diseases Affecting Global Health -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global Health: A Challenge for Key Enabling Technologies -- 1.2 Traditional Methods for the Detection of Food Borne Pathogens and Infection Diseases -- 1.3 Technical Challenges in Diagnostic Tests in Low-Resource Settings -- 2 Magnetic Particles in ASSURED Diagnostic -- 3 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 4 Magnetic Immobilisation Coupled with a Magneto-Actuated Electrode for Electrochemical Biosensing -- 5 Electrochemical Biosensors of Agents Affecting Food Safety -- 5.1 Immuno (IMS) and Phagomagnetic Separation (PMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Genosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes -- 5.2 Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Immunosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes -- 5.3 Simultaneous Electrochemical Magneto Genosensing of Foodborne Bacteria Based on Triple-Tagging Multiplex Amplification -- 6 Electrochemical Biosensors of Infection Agents Affecting Global Health.

6.1 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring -- 6.2 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring -- 7 Final Remarks -- References -- 6 Electrochemical Biosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nerve Agents -- 2.1 Biosensor Based on Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibition -- 2.1.1 Bi-enzymatic Biosensor -- 2.1.2 Monoenzymatic Biosensor -- 2.2 Biosensor Based on Organophosphate Hydrolase -- 2.3 Biosensor Based on Antibody Use -- 2.4 Sensors Based on Direct Electrochemical Detection -- 3 Blister Agents -- 4 Blood Agents -- 5 Choking or Pulmonary Agents -- 6 Toxins -- 6.1 Mycotoxins -- 6.2 Phycotoxins -- 7 Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for in Situ Measurement Versus Laboratory Set-up Methodologies -- References -- 7 Macromolecular Imprinting for Improved Health Security -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microorganism Imprinting -- 3 Imprinting of Microorganisms in Bulk Polymer -- 4 Microorganism Imprinting on a Polymer Surface -- 5 Microorganism Imprinting in Conducting Polymers -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Bioterrorism Prevention -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bioterrorism Agents -- 2.1 Brief History of Bioterrorism -- 2.2 Description of Bioterrorism Agents -- 2.3 Approach of Detection -- 3 Electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) Biosensor -- 3.1 Definition of Biosensor -- 3.2 DNA Detection Based on Indirect Strategy -- 3.2.1 DNA Labelling with Enzymes -- 3.2.2 DNA Labelling with Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3 Redox Intercalators -- 3.2.4 Metal Ions -- 3.3 DNA Detection Based on Direct Strategy -- 3.3.1 Detection Based on Redox Properties of Guanine -- 3.3.2 DNA Labelling with Redox Markers -- 3.3.3 Detection Based on Electrochemical Response of Transducers.

3.4 Electrochemical Detection Without PCR Amplification -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosensors for the Express Evaluation of the Level of Genotoxicity of Chemical Substances -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traditional Approaches -- 3 New Common Instrumental Tests -- 4 Biosensor Tests -- 4.1 Fiber Optic SOS-Type Biosensor for the Control of the Genotoxicity of Some Environmental Objects -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Efficiency of Instrumental Analytical Approaches at the Control of Bacterial Infections in Water, Foods and Feeds -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pathogens -- 2.1 Foodborne Bacterial Infections -- 2.1.1 Salmonella Species -- 2.1.2 Escherichia Coli Including E. Coli O157 -- 2.2 Waterborne Bacterial Infections -- 2.2.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 2.3 Animal Feed Pathogens -- 2.4 Approaches for Microbial Diversity Characterization -- 3 Traditional Methods for Detection of Waterborne and Foodborne Pathogens -- 4 Biosensors for Detection of Waterborne and Foodborne Pathogens -- 4.1 SPR Based Biosensors -- 4.2 TIRE Based Biosensors -- 4.3 PhL of Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application -- 4.4 ISFETs Based Biosensors -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Biosensors for the Detection of Emerging Marine Toxins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosensors for Palytoxins -- 2.1 Immunosensors for Palytoxins -- 2.2 Receptor-Based Biosensor for Palytoxins -- 2.3 Cell-Based Electrochemical Assay for Palytoxins -- 3 Biosensors for Brevetoxins -- 3.1 Immunosensors for Brevetoxins -- 3.2 Aptasensor for Brevetoxins -- 3.3 Phosphodiesterase Inhibition-based Sensor for Brevetoxins -- 3.4 Cell-based Sensors for Brevetoxins -- 4 Biosensors for Tetrodotoxins -- 4.1 Immunosensors for Tetrodotoxins -- 4.2 Aptasensor for Tetrodotoxins -- 4.3 Cell-based Sensors for Tetrodotoxins -- 5 Conclusions and Perspectives.

Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Aptasensor Technologies Developed for Detection of Toxins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Electrochemical Aptasensors for Detection of Toxins -- 1.2 Optical Aptasensors for Detection of Toxins -- 1.3 Other Techniques Developed for Detection of Toxins Using Aptamer Technologies -- 2 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Electrochemical and Acoustic Biosensors Based on DNA Aptamers for Detection Mycotoxins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mycotoxins -- 3 DNA/RNA Aptamers -- 3.1 Structure of the Aptamers -- 3.2 Aptamers in Biosensors -- 3.3 Aptasensors Sensitive to Mycotoxins -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Security: Allergens and Adulterants Detection -- Abstract -- 1 Food Security -- 2 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Allergens -- 2.1 Immunosensors -- 2.2 DNA Sensors -- 2.2.1 Aptasensors -- 2.3 Whole Cell-Based Sensors -- 2.4 Other Biosensors -- 3 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Adulterants -- 4 General Considerations -- 5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Redox Labeling of Nucleic Acids for Electrochemical Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences and DNA Damage -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences -- 1.2 Analysis of DNA Damage -- 2 Electrochemical NA Sensing -- 2.1 Adsorptive Stripping of NA and NA-Modified Electrodes -- 2.2 Techniques Combining Separation on Magnetic Beads with Electrochemical Microanalysis -- 3 Labeling of NA for Electrochemical Sensing and Its Applications -- 3.1 Modification of Nucleic Acids with Oxoosmium Complexes -- 3.1.1 Modification of Nucleobases with Osmium Tetroxide Reagents -- 3.1.2 Modification of Terminal Sugar Residues in RNA with Six-Valent Osmium Complexes -- 3.2 Polymerase Incorporation of Redox-Labeled Nucleotides.

3.2.1 Base-Modified Redox-Labeled dNTPs.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.