Forages, Volume 1 : An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture.

Intro -- FORAGES: AN INTRODUCTION TO GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- In Memoriam -- The Metric System -- The Last of the Virgin Sod -- Flesh is Grass -- PART I CHARACTERISTICS OF FORAGE SPECIES -- 1 Forages and Grasslands in a Changing World -- Grassland Terminology -- Grassland Agriculture -- Scientific Names of Forage Plants -- The Early Role of Grasslands -- The Evolution of Grassland Management -- Native Grasslands of North America -- Native Americans and Forages -- Forages in American Colonial Times -- The Merging of Grassland Cultures -- Forage, Range, and Grasslands Today -- Forages in the National Economy -- Sustainable Pastures and Hayfields -- Adjusting to Climate Change -- Grasslands and Energy Issues -- The Need for Knowledge-Based Management -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 2 Structure and Morphology of Grasses -- Seedling Development -- Germination and Emergence -- Development of the Root System -- Plant Structures and Development -- Role of Meristems in Tiller Growth -- Developmental Stages -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 3 Structure and Morphology of Legumes and Other Forbs -- The Legumes -- Leaves -- Stems -- Roots -- Inflorescences -- Flowers -- Fruit and Seed -- Seedling Development -- Contractile Growth -- Developmental Stages -- Other Forbs -- Leaves -- Stems -- Roots and Root-Like Structures -- Inflorescences -- Flowers -- Fruit and Seed -- Forb Lifespan -- Forage Quality of Forbs -- Forb Ecology and Livestock Value -- Location and Role of Meristems -- Management Implications for Mixtures -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 4 Physiology of Forage Plants -- Forages and the Productivity of Agricultural Land -- The Photosynthetic Process -- Photorespiration -- C4 Photosynthesis -- The Role of Stomata -- Radiation Effects -- Temperature Effects.

Leaf Anatomy and Forage Quality -- Translocation of Carbohydrates -- Aerobic Respiration -- Growth Respiration -- Maintenance Respiration -- Inorganic Nutrient Uptake -- Nitrogen Uptake from the Soil -- Nitrogen Assimilation -- Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation -- Organic Food Reserves -- Starch and Fructan Accumulators -- Nitrogen Reserves -- Managing the Canopy -- Canopy structure -- Location of Meristems -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 5 Environmental Aspects of Forage Management -- Effects of Climate -- Climate Continues to Change -- Weather Within a Climate -- Microclimate -- Solar Radiation -- Quality (Wavelength) -- Density (Amount) -- Duration (Photoperiod) -- Temperature -- High-Temperature Stress -- Chilling Temperature Stress -- Freezing Temperature Stress -- Management to Improve Winter Hardiness -- Management of Weakened Stands -- Water Relations -- Drought Stress -- Excessive Moisture Conditions -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 6 Grasses for Northern Areas -- Cool-Season Grasses -- Regions of Origin -- Growth Habits -- Growth Distribution -- Adaptation of Cool-Season Grasses -- Establishment -- Forage Quality of Grasses -- Anti-Quality Factors in Grasses -- Harvesting for Hay or Silage -- Managing Regrowth -- Fertilizer Management -- Use of Legumes -- Warm-Season Perennial Grasses -- Annual Grasses for Forage -- Crop Residues -- Non-Forage Uses -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 7 Grasses for Southern Areas -- Warm-Season Perennial Grasses -- Adaptation, Productivity, and Use -- Native Bluestems, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass -- Warm-Season Annual Grasses -- Cool-Season Perennial Grasses -- Cool-Season Annual Grasses -- Management Principles for the South -- Management Systems -- Increasing Carrying Capacity -- Extending the Grazing Season -- Winter-Feeding Options -- Stockpiled Forages -- Managing Perennial Species.

Establishing Winter Annual Grasses -- Establishing Winter Annual Legumes -- Managing Winter Annual Species -- Annual Crabgrass as the Base -- An Example of Progress -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 8 Legumes for Northern Areas -- Description, Adaptation, and Distribution -- Alfalfa -- White Clover -- Red Clover -- Birdsfoot Trefoil -- Kura Clover -- Alsike Clover -- Annual Clovers -- Crownvetch -- Sainfoin -- Cicer Milkvetch -- Sweetclover -- The Annual Lespedezas -- Hairy Vetch -- Soil Fertility Requirements -- Legume-Grass Mixtures -- Nitrogen Fixation -- Insect and Disease Problems -- Establishment -- Harvest Management for Hay or Silage -- Plant Population and Persistence -- Forage Yield and Quality -- Management of Legumes for Pasture -- Grazing and Rest Periods -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 9 Legumes for Southern Areas -- Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Gulf Coast Region -- Adaptation, Productivity, and Use -- Establishment -- Defoliation Management -- Forage Nutritive Value -- Environmental Stresses and Pests -- Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Intermediate South -- Adaptation, Productivity, and Use -- Establishment -- Defoliation Management -- Forage Nutritive Value -- Environmental Stresses and Pests -- Cool-Season Forage Legumes -- Adaptation, Productivity, and Use -- Establishment -- Defoliation Management -- Forage Nutritive Value -- Environmental Stresses and Pests -- Multipurpose Forage Legumes -- Soil Fertility Enhancement -- Wildlife Food -- Forbs for Winter Forage in the South -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 10 Forage Crops for Bioenergy and Industrial Products -- Conversion Technologies -- Thermochemical Processes -- Biochemical and Extraction Processes -- Integrated Processing -- Energy Crops -- Annual Grasses -- Perennial Grasses -- Management of Energy Crops -- Fertilization -- Harvest Management.

Storage and Handling -- Environmental Benefits of Energy Crops -- Other Industrial Uses of Forage Crops -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- Compendium of Common Forages -- ALFALFA -- ALSIKE CLOVER -- ALYCECLOVER -- ANNUAL LESPEDEZAS -- COMMON LESPEDEZA -- KOREAN LESPEDEZA -- ANNUAL RYEGRASS -- ANNUAL VETCHES -- COMMON VETCH -- HAIRY VETCH -- ARROWLEAF CLOVER -- BAHIAGRASS -- BERMUDAGRASS -- BERSEEM CLOVER -- BIG BLUESTEM -- BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL -- BLUE GRAMA -- BRASSICAS -- KALE -- RAPE -- TURNIP -- BUFFALOGRASS -- BUFFELGRASS -- CAUCASIAN BLUESTEM -- CHICORY -- CICER MILKVETCH -- CORN -- CRESTED WHEATGRASS -- CRIMSON CLOVER -- CROWNVETCH -- DALLISGRASS -- EASTERN GAMAGRASS -- ELEPHANTGRASS -- FODDER BEET -- INDIANGRASS -- INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS -- KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS -- KURA CLOVER -- ORCHARDGRASS -- PEARLMILLET -- PERENNIAL PEANUT -- PERENNIAL RYEGRASS -- PRAIRIEGRASS -- RED CLOVER -- REED CANARYGRASS -- SAINFOIN -- SERICEA LESPEDEZA -- SIDEOATS GRAMA -- SMALL GRAINS -- OAT -- RYE -- TRITICALE -- WHEAT -- SMOOTH BROMEGRASS -- SORGHUMS -- SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER -- SWEETCLOVERS -- WHITE SWEETCLOVER -- YELLOW SWEETCLOVER -- SWITCHGRASS -- TALL FESCUE -- TALL WHEATGRASS -- TIMOTHY -- WESTERN WHEATGRASS -- WHITE CLOVER -- References -- Websites -- PART II FORAGE MANAGEMENT -- 11 Forage Establishment -- Species and Cultivar Selection -- Lime and Fertility Requirements -- Time of Planting -- Spring Planting -- Late-Summer Seedings -- Winter or Frost Seeding -- Seedbed Preparation -- Tillage -- Reduced Tillage -- No-Till -- Seeding Implements -- Broadcast Seeder -- Cultipacker Seeder -- Spinner or Cyclone Seeder -- Drill Seeder -- Seeding Rates -- Seeding Depth -- Species Mixtures -- Seed Inoculation -- Other Seed Treatments -- Scarification and Stratification -- Seed Protectants -- Seed Coating -- Weed Control during Establishment.

Seeding with a Nurse Crop -- Herbicides -- Herbicide Tolerance -- Pasture Renovation -- Natural Reseeding -- Sprigging -- Autotoxicity -- Avoiding Alfalfa Autotoxicity -- Seeding-Year Harvest Management -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- 12 Forage Fertilization and Nutrient Management -- What Is Soil Fertility? -- Soil Quality -- Plant and Animal Nutrient Requirements -- Nitrogen -- Components of the Nitrogen Balance -- Phosphorus -- Sulfur -- Cations -- Soil Carbon -- Soil pH and H+ -- Nutrient Implications for Forage Production Systems -- Hay and Silage -- Effects of Grazing -- Fertilizer -- Nutrient Testing -- Farm Financial Implications of Forage Fertilization -- Nutrients and the Environment -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- Useful Websites -- 13 Integrated Pest Management in Forages -- Definitions -- Principles and Practices -- Steps in an IPM Program -- Examples of Implementation of IPM Steps -- Promote Diversity of Organisms -- Identify Pest Species -- Understand Pest Biology -- Select Preventative Suppression Strategies -- Pest Monitoring -- Evaluation and Refinement -- Summary -- Questions -- References -- PART III FORAGE UTILIZATION -- 14 Forage Quality -- Forage Quality and Animal Productivity -- Forage Composition and Voluntary Intake -- Forage Composition -- Cell Wall Carbohydrates -- Lignin -- Crude Protein -- Non-Structural Carbohydrates -- Minerals -- Forage Analysis -- The Detergent Analysis System -- Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy -- Digestibility -- Relative Forage Quality and Relative Feed Value -- Interpreting Forage Analysis Reports -- Accurate Sampling for Forage Analysis -- Sampling Silage for Quality Analysis -- Factors That Affect Forage Quality -- Plant Anatomy and Morphology -- Plant Species -- Maturity Stage -- Leaf:Stem Ratio -- Harvest and Storage Effects -- Grass-Legume Mixtures.

Fertilization Effects on Forage Quality.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.