Basic Fundamentals in Hearing Science.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. What Is Science? -- What Is Hearing Science? -- The Roots of Science -- The Definition of Science -- The Structure and Philosophy of Science -- The Scientific Method: Philosophy and Practice -- 1A. Asking a Scientific Question: The Doctrine of Empiricism -- 2A. Formulating a Hypothesis: Identifying Relevant Variables -- 3A. Designing an Experimental Method: Operationally Defining Variables -- 1B. Asking Scientific Questions: Formulating Predictions Based on a Theoretical Model and the Role of Deductive Logic (Deduction) -- 2B. Formulating Theory-Driven Hypotheses -- 3B. Designing Experimental Methods: Operationally Defining Theory Constructs -- 4. Reporting the Results: Hypothesis Testing -- 5A. Discussing and Interpreting the Results: Evaluating Single Hypothesis-Driven Research -- 5B. Discussing and Interpreting the Results: Evaluating Theory-Driven Research -- The Scientific Method: Structure of a Scientific Manuscript -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 1 Questions -- References -- Chapter 2. Measurement -- Measurement -- Measurement Levels (Scales of Measurement) -- Categorical Versus Continuous Variables -- Nominal-Level Measurement -- Ordinal-Level Measurement -- Interval-Level Measurement -- Ratio-Level Measurement -- Exponential Notation and Scientific Notation -- Exponents -- Scientific Notation -- Logarithms (Logs) -- Exponents/Logarithms of Whole Number Integers of 10 -- Nonwhole Number Exponents/Logarithms -- Measurement Systems -- The Importance of Standard Units of Measurement -- Proportionality -- Direct Proportionality -- Inverse Proportionality -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 2 Questions -- References -- Chapter 3. Basic Terminology for Hearing Science -- The Importance and Relevance of Physics to Hearing Science -- Physics and Energy.

Physics and Motion: An Overview -- Physics and Motion: Length, Mass, and Time -- Derivatives of Length -- Displacement (Motion) of a Pendulum -- Elasticity and the Restorative Force of Elasticity -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 3 Questions -- References -- Chapter 4. Application of the Basic Principles in Hearing Science -- A Brief Historical Account of Motion -- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) -- Isaac Newton (1642-1727) -- Kinematics and Dynamics -- Inertia -- Mass, Inertia, and Newton's First Law of Motion -- Force -- Mass, Acceleration, and Newton's Second Law of Motion -- A Closer Examination of Force-I -- A Closer Examination of Force-II -- MKS and CGS Metric Units Compared: Force -- MKS and CGS Metric Units Compared: Work -- Force and Area: Pressure -- Power -- Making Sense of Power -- Work and Energy Revisited: Types of Energy -- Potential Energy -- Kinetic Energy -- Momentum -- Collisions -- Changes in Energy, Force, and Momentum During Harmonic Motion -- Scalar and Vector Quantities -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 4 Questions -- References -- Chapter 5. Harmonic Motion -- What Is Harmonic Motion? -- What Is Sinusoidal Motion? -- Simplified Trigonometry -- Simplified Trigonometry and the Unit Circle -- Phase Relations Between Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration During Harmonic Motion -- Peak Amplitude of a Sine Wave -- Peak-to-Peak Amplitude of a Sine Wave -- Compression and Rarefaction of a Sine Wave -- Compression, Rarefaction, and Equilibrium -- Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Amplitude -- What Are Radians? -- Mass and Stiffness in Opposition -- The Role of Mass -- The Role of Stiffness -- Relation to Sound -- Frequency and Period Revisited -- Hertz -- Mass, Stiffness, Frequency, and Period -- Free Vibration and Resonance -- Angular Velocity/Angular Frequency -- Fundamental Frequency -- Friction, Damping, and Resistance.

Forced Vibration -- Impedance: Frictional Resistance and Reactance -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 5 Questions -- References -- Chapter 6. The Measurement of Sound -- Sound Defined -- Work, Power, and the Watt Revisited -- Acoustic Intensity (I) -- Inverse Square Law -- Quantifying Acoustic Intensity -- Newtons (N), Dynes, and Pressure Revisited -- Quantifying Pressure -- Relationship Between Intensity (I) and Pressure (P) -- Threshold and Upper Limit Values for Intensity and Pressure -- Acoustic Intensity Level (IL) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL) -- Historical Overview: The Bel -- Bel-Intensity Level (IL) -- Evaluation of the Bel -- The Decibel (dB) -- Decibels of Intensity Level (dB IL) -- Bel-Sound Pressure Level (SPL) -- Relationship Between Intensity (I) and Pressure (P) Revisited -- Decibels of Sound Pressure Level (dB SPL) -- The Concept of Zero Decibels (0 dB) -- The Doubling or Halving of Signal Power or Pressure -- Decibel Problems -- Sound Level Meters (SLMs) -- SLM Weighting Networks (Filters) -- Octave-Band Analyses -- Determining Cut-Off Frequencies for Octave and Third-Octave-Band Filters -- SLM Calibration -- Types of SLMs -- Microphones -- Types of Microphones -- Pressure Types of Microphones -- The Velocity Type of Microphone -- Microphone Directionality -- The Sound-Field -- Types of Sound-Fields -- Types of Sounds I: Periodic Waveforms -- Simple Periodic Sinusoidal Waveforms: Pure Tones -- Complex Waveforms -- Types of Sounds II: (Complex) Aperiodic Waveforms -- (Complex) Aperiodic Transient Signals -- (Complex) Aperiodic Continuous Signals -- Modulated Signals -- Warble Tones -- The Spectral Analysis and the Amplitude Spectrum -- The Line Spectrum -- The Continuous Spectrum -- The Phase Spectrum -- Spectral Shaping: Filters -- Types of Filters I: Ideal Filters -- Types of Filters II: Real Filters.

Filters in Personal Amplification -- Linear Systems -- Linear Distortion -- Nonlinear Distortion -- Amplitude Distortion -- Nonlinear Transient and Imaging Distortion -- Intermodulation Distortion: Combination Tones -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 6 Questions -- References -- Chapter 7. Acoustics -- Acoustics Defined -- Wavelength -- Sound Transmission and Wavelength -- Types of Waveform Motion -- Transverse Wave Motion -- Longitudinal Wave Motion -- The Behavior of Sound in a Sound-Field -- Sound Transmission and/or Reflection -- Sound Transmission and/or Absorption -- Sound Transmission and Diffraction -- Sound Transmission and Sound-Shadow Effects -- The Doppler Effect -- Sound Transmission and Shock Waves -- Sound Transmission and Refraction -- Sound Transmission and Interference -- Sound-Field Calibration -- Resonators -- Resonances of Air-Filled Tubes -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 7 Questions -- References -- Chapter 8. Psychoacoustics -- Psychophysics -- Psychoacoustics -- Threshold Revisited -- Absolute Threshold Revisited -- The Threshold of Audibility -- The Minimum Audibility Curve (MAC) -- The Threshold of Audibility: Relationship to the Pure Tone Audiogram -- The Audiometer -- The Pure Tone Audiogram -- Loudness Scaling -- The Phon: Phons of Loudness Level -- Differential Threshold -- The Loudness of Complex Signals -- Pitch -- Signal Duration and Pitch -- Differential Thresholds for Pitch -- Intensity Level and Pitch -- The Mel: Mels of Pitch Perception -- The Pitch of Complex Signals -- The Critical Band -- Loudness Summation and the Critical Band -- Pitch and the Critical Band -- Masking -- Masking and the Critical Band -- The Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth (ERB) -- The Critical Ratio -- Beats, Flutter, Roughness, and the Critical Band -- The Temporal Aspects of Hearing -- Temporal Summation -- Temporal Masking.

Auditory Adaptation and Auditory Fatigue -- Binaural Hearing -- Binaural Summation -- Binaural Fusion -- Binaural Sound Localization -- Monaural Sound Localization -- Binaural Sound Lateralization -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 8 Questions -- References -- Chapter 9. Nervous System Terminology: The Structure and Function of Neurons and the Cranial Nerves -- The Neuron -- Structure and Function of the Neuron -- Generation of the Action Potential -- Types of Neurons -- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) -- The Cranial Nerves -- Chapter Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10. Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing -- Introduction -- The Peripheral Auditory System -- The Temporal Bone -- The Outer Ear -- The Middle Ear (Tympanum) -- The Cochlea -- The Auditory Nerve -- The Central Auditory Nervous System -- The Cochlear Nucleus -- The Superior Olivary Complex -- The Lateral Lemniscus -- Inferior Colliculus -- The Medial Geniculate Body -- Auditory Cortex and Subcortex -- The Corpus Callosum -- The Efferent System -- Structure -- Function -- Vascular Supply for the Auditory System -- The Peripheral System -- The Central System -- Chapter Summary -- References -- Appendix A. Exponential and Scientific Notation -- Section A1. Conversion From Conventional to Exponential Notation -- Numbers That Are Exact Multiples of Ten -- Section A2. Operating Principles in the Use of Exponents -- I. Multiplication -- II. Exponentiation -- III. Division -- IV. Combining Multiple Exponents -- Section A3. Conversion From Conventional to Scientific Notation -- Section A4. Working With Scientific Notation -- I. Multiplication With Scientific Notation -- II. Division With Scientific Notation -- References -- Appendix B. Logarithms -- Section B1. The Characteristic and the Mantissa -- Section B2. Working With Logarithms -- Rules in the Use of Logarithms.

Section B3. Antilogarithms (Antilogs).

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.