Current Perspectives on Anti-Infective Agents.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Prospects of Actinobacteria from Underexplored Ecosystems as Anti-infective Agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- K. Tamreihao1,2,*, Saikat Mukherjee1, Debananda S. Ningthoujam1 and Subhra Saikat Roy2 -- INTRODUCTION -- Infection and Evolution of Drug-Resistance by M. tuberculosis -- Perspective of Actinobacteria as Anti-TB Agents -- Need for Exploration of Actinobacteria from Unexplored/Under-Explored Ecosystem -- Antimycobacterial Agents from Actinobacteria Associated with Medicinal Plants -- Antimycobacterial Agents from Actinobacteria from Other Under-Explored Ecosystems -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Protozoan and Helminth Infections: Epidemiology and Anti Infective Therapy -- Saikat Mukherjee1,*, K. Tamreihao1, Rakhi Khunjamayum1, Khullakpam Shaheen1, Elangbam Shanta Singh1, Debananda S. Ningthoujam1 and Sumita Banerjee2 -- PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTI-PROTOZOAN DRUGS (SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON LEISHMANIASIS) -- Introduction -- Leishmaniasis -- General Description -- Vectors for Leishmaniasis -- Life Cycle of Leishmania -- Life Cycle in the Sand Fly -- Life Cycle in the Vertebrate -- Morphology of Leishmania -- Morphological and Molecular Changes during Transformation of Leishmania sp. -- Transformation from Amastigote to Promastigote -- Transformation from Promastigote to Amastigote Form -- Pathogenesis and Inflammation of Leishmania -- Various Anti Leishmania Drugs Available/ Clinical Trials (Table 1) -- Pentavalent Antimonials -- Miltefosine -- Pentamidine -- Paromomycin -- Amphotericin B -- Sitamaquine -- 8-aminoquinolines -- 2-substituted Quinolines -- Buparvaquone -- Combination Chemotherapy -- CONCLUDING REMARKS.

HELMINTH INFECTIONS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS (SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ELEPHANTIASIS) -- Introduction -- Elephantiasis -- Filarial Elephantiasis -- Podoconiosis (Non Filarial Elephantiasis) -- Anti-Elephantiasis Drugs -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Therapeutic Drugs Used for Effective Lifelong Control of HIV and AIDS -- Elangbam Shanta Singh1,*, Debananda S. Ningthoujam1, Laishram Jaya Devi1, Rakhi Khunjamayum1, Dollyca Ningombam2 and Laishram Somenkumar Singh3 -- INTRODUCTION -- Types of HIV -- Brief History of HIV and AIDS -- Structure of HIV -- HIV Genome and Functions of Genes -- Structural Genes -- gag (Group Specific Antigen) Gene -- pol (Polymerase) Gene -- env (Envelop Protein) Gene -- Regulatory Genes -- tat (Transcriptional Transactivator) Gene -- rev Gene -- Accessory Genes -- Life Cycle and Mechanisms of HIV Infection -- Routes of HIV Transmission -- Stages of HIV Infections and Symptoms -- First Stage: Acute HIV Infection -- Second Stage: Chronic HIV Infection -- Third Stage: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) -- Categories of AIDS -- Opportunistic Infections of AIDS -- Skin and Mouth Infections and Symptoms -- Effect on Nervous System and Symptoms -- Effect of Respiratory System and Symptoms -- Effect on Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) and Symptoms -- Cancers -- Diagnosis of HIV Infection (AIDS) -- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- Branched-chain DNA (b-DNA) -- Nucleic Acid Sequence-based Amplification (NASBA) -- Misconceptions and Facts about HIV Infection (AIDS) -- Drugs Available for the Treatment of HIV Infection or AIDS -- Fusion Inhibitors -- Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) -- Protease Inhibitors (PIs) -- Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) -- Pharmacokinetic (PK) Enhancer.

Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) Antiretroviral Drugs -- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) Combinations -- PK-Enhanced PI Formulations -- Future Therapies -- Stopping Replication of HIV -- Shock and Kill or Kick and Kill -- Immunotherapy -- Gene Therapy -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioactive Peptides and Their Therapeutic Potential as Antimicrobial Drugs -- Pintubala Kshetri*, Thangjam Surchandra Singh and Subhra Saikat Roy* -- INTRODUCTION -- Processing and Production of BPs -- Application of BP -- Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) -- Classification of AMPs -- Mechanism of AMPs -- Current Status and Challenges of AMPs -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Drugs for Superbugs: Strategies and Methods to Discover New Antibiotics against Drug Resistant Pathogens -- Debananda S. Ningthoujam* and Khullakpam Shaheen -- INTRODUCTION -- Antibiotic Apocalypse and the Rise of Superbugs -- Why We Need to Worry? -- Types of Superbugs -- Critical (Priority 1) -- High (Priority 2) -- Medium (Priority 3) -- Need to Discover New Antibiotics -- Strategies and Methods -- Extreme Ecosystems -- Symbiotic Bacteria -- Co-Culture Approach -- Genome Mining Approach -- OSMAC (One Strain- Many Compounds) Approach -- Cave Bacteria -- New Mode &amp -- Old Habitat -- Combining the Old and the New -- Reuse Old Antibiotics -- Repurposing Old Drugs -- Immunobiotics -- Phage Therapy -- Antibiotics Plus Probiotics -- Synthetic Antibiotics -- New Gel for Superbugs -- Analogs of Natural Antibiotics -- Strange Habitats -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Antifungal Agents: Therapeutic Approaches and Future Perspectives.

Rakhi Khunjamayum*, Roshan Singh Asem, Laishram Jaya Devi, K. Tamreihao and Debananda S. Ningthoujam -- INTRODUCTION -- Antifungal Agents and Mechanism of Action -- Azoles -- Echinocandins -- Allylamines and Thiocarbamates -- Morpholines -- Polyene -- Pyrimidine Analogues -- Griseofulvin -- Common Fungal Diseases in Human - Causes, Symptoms, Pathogenesis and Treatment -- Aspergillosis -- Pathogenesis -- Treatment -- Candidiasis -- Blastomycosis -- Coccidioidomycosis -- Histoplasmosis -- Ringworm -- Sporotrichosis -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Emerging Viral Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Agents for Their Control -- Sumita Banerjee* -- INTRODUCTION -- Possible Causes Behind the Emergence of New Viral Diseases -- Major Emerging Viruses -- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) -- Ebola Viral Disease and Marburg Viral Disease -- Hantavirus -- Hendra Virus -- SARS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Leprosy: Clinical / Diagnostic Features and Current Status of Anti-leprosy Drugs -- Khullakpam Shaheen*, Ibemhal D. Asem and Debananda Singh Ningthoujam -- INTRODUCTION -- History -- Causes -- Signs and Symptoms -- Classification of Leprosy -- Leprosy Reactions -- Pathogenesis -- LEPROSY MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS -- Diagnosis -- Lab Diagnosis: -- Treatment and Current Drugs -- Dapsone -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clofazimine -- Pharmacokinetics -- Rifampicin -- Pharmacokinetics -- Ofloxacin -- Pharmacokinetics -- Minocycline -- Pharmacokinetics -- Other Anti-Leprosy Drugs -- Clathiromycin -- Ansamycins -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Silk Protein Sericin: Structure, Secretion, Composition and Antimicrobial Potential.

Shamjetshabam Babeeta Chanu*, Sanjenbam Kunjeshwori Devi and Laishram Rupachandra Singh -- INTRODUCTION -- Secretion of Silk Proteins -- Structure and Composition of Sericin -- Antimicrobial Potential of Sericin -- Interaction Mechanism -- Applications of Sericin having Antimicrobial Activity -- Wound Healing -- Treatment of Fabrics -- Air Pollution Abatement -- Stabilizing Nanoparticle Composites -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Understanding the Realm of Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Action and Their Applications as Anti-infective Agents -- Laishram Jaya Devi1,*, Rakhi Khunjanmayum1, Roshan Singh Asem1, Elangbam Shanta Singh1, Sumita Banerjee2 and Debananda S. Ningthoujam1 -- INTRODUCTION -- Discovery -- Classification of Antibiotics -- Activity Against Gram-positive Bacterial Infection -- Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection -- Antibiotic Classification Based on Chemical and Molecular Structure -- Antibiotic Classification Based on Function -- Actinobacteria as Prolific Producer of Antibiotics -- Multidrug-Resistant Organisms and their Future Challenges -- NOBLE ANTIBIOTICS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Use of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Malaria -- Ibemhal D. Asem*, Khullakpam Shaheen and Debananda S. Ningthoujam -- INTRODUCTION -- Cause of Malaria -- Signs and Symptoms -- Life Cycle -- Exo-erythrocytic Stages of Malaria Parasite in Human -- Biological Basis for Relapses -- Erythrocytic Stages of Malaria Parasite in Humans -- Sporogonic Cycle in Mosquito -- Diagnosis -- Antimalarial Medications -- Quinine -- Chloroquine -- Amodiaquine -- Pyrimethamine -- Proguanil -- Sulfonamide -- Mefloquine -- Atovaquone -- Primaquine -- Artemisinin and Derivatives -- Halofantrine.

Doxycycline.

The volume is a comprehensive documentation on major infectious diseases from tropical countries which pose a serious threat to global healthcare programs. These include diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, leishmaniasis (kala-azar), elephantiasis, malaria, leprosy, various fungal disorders and emergent viral diseases. Due to the widespread use of antibiotics, there is an emergence of drug resistant pathogens in many regions. Hence, there is a need to search for novel, cost-effective bioactive compounds that demonstrate high efficacy and low toxicity in human cells from unexplored ecosystems to combat emerging drug resistant pathogens. Chapters of this volume focus on the pathogenesis and etiology of each of the mentioned diseases, updated WHO reports wherever applicable, conventional drugs and their pharmacokinetics as well as new approaches to develop anti-infective agents. The authors also present a detailed report on 'superbugs' (multi-drug resistant pathogens) and new measures being taken up to eradicate them. Information about new antimicrobials (bioactive peptides and silk protein sericin) and the approaches taken by scientists and healthcare professionals for successful targeting of these molecules for human medicine. This volume is essential for general readers, healthcare professionals, researchers and academicians actively involved in research on infectious diseases and anti-infective therapeutic drugs.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.