The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology.

Cover -- Detailed Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reference -- Part I - Introduction and Overview -- Chapter 1 - The Research Process: Of Big Pictures, Little Details, and the Social Psychological Road in between -- The Research Process -- The Starting Point: The Phenomena -- The Research Question -- To Whom does the Question Apply? -- Operationalizations and Design -- Can We Answer the Question? -- Organization of This Handbook -- Organizing Principles -- Specific Organization -- Part II: Fundamental Issues in Social Psychological Research -- Part III: Design and Analysis -- Part IV: Emerging Interdisciplinary Approaches -- Part V: The Application of Social Psychology and Its Methods to Other Domains -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II - Fundamental Issues in Social Psychological Research -- Chapter 2 - The Methodological Assumptions of Social Psychology: The Mutual Dependence of Substantive Theory and Method Choice -- Introduction -- The Hypothetico-Deductive Method -- The Types of Theory That Social Psychologists Construct -- The Theory-Hypothesis Link -- Form of Data Collection -- The Dual Hegemony of Anova and the Laboratory Experiment -- Specific Theoretical Concerns and Their Methodological Implications -- The Social Cognitive Revolution -- The Relative Neglect of Theories of Interpersonal Dynamics -- The Neglect of High-Impact Manipulations and the Kinds of Theory They Promote -- The Average Person as the Locus of Explanation -- The Assumption of Irrelevant Domains and Hence the Generation of Theories with Minimal Grounded Content -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Ethical Issues in Social Psychology Research -- Chapter Overview -- The Evolution of Ethical Debate and Regulation in Social Psychology -- Governmental Regulations for Behavioral Research in the United States -- Professional Ethical Standards.

Ethical Dilemmas in Social Psychological Research -- Defining "Ethics," "Morality," and "Ethical Dilemma -- Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Laboratory, Field, and Applied Research -- Laboratory Research Issues -- Field Research Issues -- Privacy -- Informed Consent -- Social Psychology Research and the Internet -- Applied Research Issues -- Ethical Safeguards and Institutional Review -- Debriefing and Other Safeguards -- Institutional Review -- Impact and Effectiveness of the Review Process -- Conclusion: Ethical Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- Chapter 4 - Developing a Program of Research -- Start by Knowing That Many Perspectives are not Yet Represented -- Compelling, Coherent Hypotheses: What's the Big Picture? -- Intellectual Sources -- Personal Sources -- Group Sources -- Worldview Sources -- General Principles, Regardless of Source -- Convincing Research: Read This Book -- Readable Write-Ups Readers will Read -- Outlets: Visible and Invisible -- Programmatic Approach: Follow Your Bliss -- Collaboration: Beside Every Good Researcher Stands a Team -- Teaching: A Piece of the Research Enterprise -- Funding: Aha! Plus . . . -- Service: Giving It Away -- Conclusion: From Madness to the Methods -- References -- Part III - Design and Analysis -- Section A. Implications of a Heterogeneous Population: Deciding for Whom to Test the Research Question(s), Why, and How -- Chapter 5 - Culturally Sensitive Research Questions and Methods in Social Psychology -- Downplaying of Cultural Issues in Social Psychology -- Key Reasons for Downplaying of Culture -- Culture-Free Approach to Situations -- Physical Science Ideals of Explanation -- Apparent Universality and Explanatory Breadth of Psychological Theories -- Disappointment with Recent Cultural Traditions of Research -- Conceptual Issues in Giving More Attention to Culture -- Views of Culture.

Integrating Cultural Considerations with Situational and Person Factors -- Methodological Strategies for Enhancing Cultural Sensitivity -- Cultural Understanding -- Sampling -- Noncomparative "Prototypic" Sampling Strategies -- Noncomparative Cultural Sampling Strategies -- Comparative Cultural Sampling Strategies -- Representativeness and Equivalence in Sampling -- Culture as Process -- Culturally Appropriate Measures -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 - Individual Differences in Social Psychology: Understanding Situations to Understand People, Understanding People to Understand Situations -- Why Stable Individual Differences Need to be Taken into Account -- Lewin's Equation, B = f(P, E) -- P = An Individual's Dynamic Social Information Processing System: An Example -- Studying Person × Situation Interactions -- What Individual Differences? -- Individual Differences That Interact with Situations -- Processing Dynamics Type and Diagnostic Situations -- Types of Person Variables That Affect Processing Dynamics -- Interactions May Involve Highly Content-Specific Person and Situation Characteristics -- Going beyond the Bandwidth-Fidelity Trade-off -- Behavioral Signatures of Person Types Guide an Inductive Approach to Discovering Individual Difference Constructs -- Methodological Challenges for Intensive within-Subject Analyses -- Finding, Evaluating, and Using Measures of Individual Differences -- What Makes a "Good" Measure: The Intertwined Nature of Reliability and Validity -- Bootstrapping Upward in the Evolution of Constructs, Theories, and Measures -- An Example of Construct Validation Research: The Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix -- Construct Validation of Individual Differences Measures via Experiments -- A Valid Measure has been Found! What Should We do with It? Implications for Data Analysis and Experimental Design.

Continuous or Categorical? It can Matter -- To Block or not to Block on Individual Difference Measures? -- Recasting the Problem: Going beyond Individual Differences as a Poor Person's Substitute for an Experiment -- Understanding the Effects of Situations for Each Person First -- Trading Instant Generalizability for Ultimate Generalizability: The Implications of a Person- and Type-Centered, More Inductive, Approach -- Concluding Thoughts: Understanding Situations to Understand People, Understanding People to Understand Situations -- Notes -- References -- Section B. Operationalizing the Constructs: Deciding What to Measure, Why, and How -- Chapter 7 - Constructing and Evaluating Quantitative Measures for Social Psychological Research: Conceptual Challenges and Methodological Solutions -- Defining Quantitative Measures -- Stages in Constructing Quantitative Measures -- Specifying Measurement Goals and Theoretical Assumptions -- Specifying One's Goals for the Measure -- Specifying Theoretical Assumptions -- Item Generation -- Creating Items -- Item Content and Wording -- Number of Items -- Response Scale Format -- Response Option Order and Item Order -- Traditional Scaling Procedures for Item Generation -- Thurstone Equal-Appearing Intervals -- Likert Summated Ratings -- Semantic Differentials -- Item Evaluation and Selection -- Judge Ratings -- Between-Group Differentiation -- Item Descriptive Statistics -- Item-Total Correlations -- Factor Analysis -- Item Response Theory -- Evaluating Measure Quality -- Reliability -- Internal Consistency -- Stability (Test-Retest) -- Validity -- Associative" and "Dissociative" Forms of Validity Evidence -- Associative Forms of Validity -- Dissociative Forms of Validity -- The MTMM Approach -- Beyond Self-Report Measures -- Notes -- References.

Chapter 8 - Measures and Meanings: The Use of Qualitative Data in Social and Personality Psychology -- Qualitative Data in Social Psychology: An Empirical Example -- Advantages of Asking Open-Ended Questions -- Qualitative Data may Answer Many Questions at Once -- Qualitative Data Allow Us to Measure What isn't Said or can't be Said -- Qualitative Data Give Us the Flavor of the Whole -- Qualitative Data are (Relatively) Timeless -- Methods of Qualitative Research -- Participant Selection and Recruitment -- Deciding What Questions to Ask and How to Ask Them -- Coding the Data -- Extant Coding Schemes -- Creating New Coding Schemes -- Using Naïve Coders -- The Training Phase -- The Coding Phase -- Naïve Coders and the Bottom-up Approach -- Reliability and Validity -- Reliability -- Validity -- Additional Challenges of Using Qualitative Data in Social Psychology -- Methodological Problems and Confounds -- Losing the Trees for the Forest -- Special Ethical Considerations -- New Approaches to Quantifying Qualitative Data -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 - Implicit Methods in Social Psychology -- The Psychodynamic Heritage -- Projective Tests -- The Subtle and the Obvious -- The Priming Solution -- The Importance of Matching Tasks -- Priming as a Measure of Implicit Attitudes -- Critique of Priming -- The Implicit Association Test -- The IAT as a Psychometric Device -- Critique of the IAT -- The Unobtrusive, the Automatic, the Implicit-and the Psychologist's Fallacy -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 10 - Mediated and Moderated Effects in Social Psychological Research: Measurement, Design, and Analysis Issues -- Measurement Issues -- Practical Benefits of Theory -- Formally Designating the Status of Variables in a Model -- An Example -- Optimal Measurement -- Design Issues -- Asserting Causal Priority -- Timing and Tests of Mediation.

Experimental Designs.

This handbook gives researchers and students an overview of the rich history of methodological innovation in both basic and applied research within social psychology. Based on this `top-down′ perspective, chapters in this volume emphasize the conceptual basis of the methodology, with an explicit focus on the meaning of data when obtained via a particular methodology.

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