Hearing : Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of the Auditory System, Third Edition.

Intro -- Chapter 1 Anatomy of the Ear Abstract The ear consists of the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. The skin of the ear canal is innervated by four cranial nerves: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus. The skin around the ear is innervated by the trigeminal nerve and the second vertebral dorsal root (C2). The middle ear consists of the tympanic membrane and three ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. Two muscles are attached to th -- Chapter 2 Sound Conduction to the Cochlea Abstract Sound normally reaches the cochlea via the ear canal and the middle ear, but it may also reach the cochlea through bone conduction. Sound that enters the middle ear cavities can also set the tympanic membrane in motion and, thereby, reach the cochlea. The amount of sound that reaches the tympanic membrane depends on the acoustic properties of the pinna, the ear canal, and the head. The ear canal acts as a resonator, which causes the sound intens -- Chapter 3 Physiology of the Cochlea Abstract The cochlea separates sounds according to their frequency (spectrum) so that different spectral components of sounds activate different populations of auditory nerve fibers. Sensory transduction occurs in inner hair cells. Outer hair cells are active micromechanical elements that act as "motors" that reduce the influence of friction on the motion of the basilar membrane. The action of the outer hair cells increases the vibration amplitude of the basil.

Chapter 4 Sound-Evoked Electrical Potentials in the Cochlea Abstract Three different sound-evoked potentials can be recorded from the cochlea: the cochlear microphonics (CM), the summating potential (SP), and the action potential (AP). The CM follows the waveform of a sound and its amplitude increases with increasing stimulus intensity in a linear fashion up to a certain intensity above which it reaches a plateau. The CM recorded from the round window is mainly generated by outer hair cells in t -- Chapter 5 Anatomy of the Auditory Nervous System Abstract The ascending auditory pathways are more complex than the ascending pathways of other sensory systems such as the somatosensory system or the visual system. Two separate pathways, the classical and nonclassical pathways, have been identified. The classical ascending pathways are also known as the tonotopic system, and the nonclassical, or adjunct systems, are known as the extralemniscal, diffuse, or polysensory systems. In the classical a -- Chapter 6 Physiology of the Auditory Nervous System Abstract Frequency selectivity is a prominent property of the auditory nervous system that can be demonstrated at all anatomic levels. The frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane is assumed to be the originator of the frequency tuning of auditory nerve fibers and cells in the classical ascending auditory pathways. The threshold of the responses of an auditory nerve fiber is lowest at one frequency, known as that fiber's characteristic fre.

Chapter 7 Evoked Potentials from the Nervous System Abstract All neural structures of the ascending auditory pathways can generate sound-evoked electrical potentials that can be recorded by an electrode placed on the respective structure. Compound action potentials (CAP) recorded directly from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve in small animals are different from those recorded in humans, because the eighth cranial nerve is longer in humans than in small animals (2.5 cm in humans and -- Chapter 8 Acoustic Middle Ear Reflex Abstract The acoustic middle ear reflex can be elicited by sounds of approximately 85 dB HL in normal-hearing persons. The strength of the muscle contraction increases gradually with increasing stimulus intensity. The acoustic middle ear reflex involves only the stapedius muscle in humans, but both the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles contract as an acoustic reflex in animals commonly used in auditory research. When elicited by sounds presented to one -- Chapter 9 Hearing Impairment Abstract The pathologies of hearing impairments have traditionally been divided into conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. The anatomic locations of the pathologies have been the middle ear, cochlea, auditory nerve, and auditory nervous system. Hearing impairment is usually divided into conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Disorders of the ear and cochlea may affect the function of the auditory nervous system because of deprivation of input, a.

Chapter 10 Hyperactive Disorders of the Auditory System Abstract Hyperactive disorders of the auditory system are different forms of subjective tinnitus, hyperacusis, misophonia, and phonophobia. Two kinds of tinnitus occur: objective and subjective. Objective tinnitus is caused by a sound that is generated in the body and conducted to the cochlea. Subjective tinnitus is the perception of sound that is not originating from sound that reaches the cochlea and, therefore, can only be heard by the p -- Chapter 11 Cochlear and Brainstem Implants Abstract Cochlear implants activate the auditory nerve in the cochlea and thereby bypass sensory transduction in the inner hair cells. Cochlear implants can provide good discrimination of speech and environmental sounds and some discrimination of music. Auditory brainstem implants (ABI) provide stimulation of the cochlear nucleus and bypass the cochlea and auditory nerve. ABI are used in persons whose auditory nerve does not function either because of c.

Provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the entire auditory system and describes important aspects of disorders of the middle ear, the cochlea, and the nervous system in a comprehensive manner.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.