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Bunkers : An Analysis of the Technical and Environmental Impact Issues.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Adderbury : Petrospot, 2013Copyright date: ©2013Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (406 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781908663146
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: BunkersLOC classification:
  • VC276.A1.F57 2013
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- The authors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1. Demand by bunker fuel type 2010-2030 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.2. Base case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.3. Base case total demand east and west of Suez - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.4. Base case demand by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.5. Low case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.6. High case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.7. Introduction of the global cap in 2020. Demand - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.8. Distillate and residual bunker demand with global cap in 2020 v 2025 - million MT -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC -- (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.9. Distillate bunker demand with global cap in 2020 v 2025 - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.10. Sulphur emissions -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.11. Future refinery capacity additions - mmbpd -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.12. Fuel oil net trade balances -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.13. Regional demand for distillates - 1,000 bpd -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.14. Historic crude oil prices - per barrel -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 2.1. Atmospheric distillation -- Figure 2.2. Residual fuel manufacture -- Figure 2.3. Vacuum distillation -- Figure 2.4. Visbreaking -- Figure 2.5. Catalytic cracker -- Figure 2.6. Residual fuel manufacture -- Figure 2.7. Feedstocks/products in a complex refinery -- Figure 2.8. Mechanical blender -- Figure 2.9. A CBI barge blending unit.
Photograph courtesy of CBI Engineering -- Figure 4.1. Daily flows for a 10,000 kW two stroke engine running at 85% maximum continuous rating -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.2. Global vessel density -- Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER), sponsored by the USCG Operations Systems Center. Data provided by the AMVER team, display generated by the E-GIS team. Amver density plot for May 2012 (vessels/km2) -- Figure 4.3. Density of premature deaths from marine PM emissions -- Corbett, J. J. -- Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H. -- Kasibhatla, P. -- Eyring, V. -- Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science &amp -- Technology 2007, 41, (24), 8512-8518 -- Figure 4.4. Relationship between sulphur content of bunkers and PM emissions -- Figure 4.5. Global inventory of NOx -- Based on EPA data -- Figure 4.6. Distribution of CO2 emissions in 2007 -- Figure 4.7. MARPOL Annex VI NOx emission limits -- Graph courtesy of the International Maritime Organization -- Figure 4.8. Summary of marine emissions environmental regulations -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.9. North and Baltic Sea Emission Control Area -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.10. North American Emission Control Area -- Figure 4.11. Puerto Rico and US Virgin Island Emission Control Area -- Figure 4.12. Energy efficiency design index for larger bulk carriers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.13. Basic flow diagram of the EEDI verification process -- Figure 5.1. Ratios between SO2 and CO2 emissions for residual and distillate fuels -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.2. Open loop scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Hamworthy Krystallon -- Figure 5.3. Closed loop scrubber (Wärtsilä) -- Figure 5.4. Hybrid scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Aalborg Industries -- Figure 5.5. Dry scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Couple Systems.
Figure 5.6. Electronic wet system - CSNOx system -- Diagram courtesy of Ecospec Marine Technology -- Figure 5.7. Cold ironing concept -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.8. Duplicate bunker tankage to facilitate fuel switching -- Figure 5.9. Indicative low sulphur bunker price premium -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.10. Capital costs of retrofitting scrubbers in 2012 - 1,000 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.11. Unit retrofitting costs for scrubbers /kW -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.12. Indicative future unit capital costs of 20 MW scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.13. Economics of scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.14. Internal rate of return on investing in retrofitting a scrubber against days steaming in an ECA per annum after 2014 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.15. Potential investment and use of scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 6.1. Bunker prices - current /MT -- BP Statistical Review of World Energy -- Figure 6.2. Global ship deliveries - million DWT -- Figure 6.3. Fleet of LNG bunkered ships - non-LNG carriers Q1 2012 -- Figure 6.4. Baltic LNG bunkering terminal developments in 2011 -- North European LNG Infrastructure Project. Map courtesy of the Danish Maritime Authority -- Figure 8.1. Manual line sampler -- Diagram courtesy of DNV Petroleum Services -- Figure 8.2. Jiskoot auto sampler -- Photograph courtesy of Cameron International Corporation -- Figure 8.3. Layered tank contents -- Figure 8.4. Examples of sample positions -- Figure 8.5. Sampling cages -- Figure 8.6. Weighted sampling can -- Figure 8.7. Dead bottom samplers -- Figure 8.8. Sample seal -- Photograph courtesy of DNV Petroleum Services -- Figure 8.9. Coriolis meter schematic -- Figure 8.10. Coriolis meter in situ -- Figure 9.1. Two stroke cycle -- Figure 9.2. Four stroke cycle a) Suction stroke -- b) Compression stroke.
c) Power stroke -- d) Exhaust stroke -- Figure 9.3. Two stroke crosshead engine -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.4. Large bore four stroke trunk engine (MAN L51-60G) -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.5. Section of a turbocharger -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.6. Cylinder liner with vertical abrasive wear and fouled scavenge ports -- Figure 9.7. A new piston crown showing the piston ring grooves -- Figure 9.8. Piston rings seized in the ring grooves by combustion deposits -- Figure 9.9. Broken piston rings -- Figure 9.10. Pitting on an exhaust valve -- Figure 9.11. Crankshaft showing counterbalance weights, connecting rods and pistons -- Figure 9.12. Ebba Maersk crankshaft -- Photograph courtesy of A.P. Møller-Maersk A/S -- Figure 9.13. Damaged blades of a turbocharger -- Figure 9.14. Fouled air charge cooler -- Figure 9.15. Fuel valve -- Figure 9.16. Damaged fuel injection components -- Figure 9.17. Typical exhaust gas boiler in combination with an oil fired boiler -- Figure 9.18. Typical transverse section of cargo hold -- Figure 9.19. Sectional view of double bottom tank -- Figure 9.20. Fuel treatment process from the settling tank to the service tank -- Figure 9.21. Typical centrifugal separator -- Figure 9.22. Separator bowl internals -- Figure 9.23. Conventional separator interface -- Figure 9.24. Purifier -- Figure 9.25. -- Figure 9.26. -- Figure 9.27. Schematic installation layout of an ALCAP fuel system. -- Figure 9.28. Pressurised fuel oil system, with filter in supply line -- Figure 9.29. -- Figure 9.30. Fuel oil treatment system -- Figure 9.31. -- Figure 9.32. -- Figure 9.33. Protector automatic fuel filter shown on the hot side of the booster module -- Figure 9.34. Filter elements.
Figure 10.1. Nomogram for deriving CCAI and CII -- Figure 11.1. Photograph of glass fibre filters from satisfactory Total Potential Sediment test -- Figure 11.2. FIA - 100/3 manual version, shown together with a portable PC displaying typical test results -- Photograph courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.3. FIA - 100/3 fully automatic version -- Photograph courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.4. Working principle of the Fueltech FIA 100/3 analyser -- Diagram courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.6. -- Figure 11.5. -- Figure 11.7. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry instrument -- Figure 11.8. A typical GC column -- Figure 11.9. Chromatogram from head space analysis of a residual marine bunker fuel -- Figure 11.10. Chromatogram of fuel acid-extract illustrating 'tall oil' contamination -- Figure 11.11. SEM instrumentation -- Figure 11.12. Magnification of particles with scanning electron microscopy -- List of Tables -- Table 1.2. Base case demand of residual bunkers by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.1. Definition of types of bunkers -- Table 1.3. Base case demand of distillate bunkers by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.4. Details of sulphur emissions -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.5. Supply demand for fuel oil -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.6. Demand for distillates -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.7. Into ship bunker prices /MT -- Table 2.1. Typical crude properties -- Table 2.2. Viscosity blending -- Table 2.3. Flash point blending chart -- Table 2.4. Flash point blending -- Table 3.1. Marine distillate specification ISO 8217:2005 -- Table 3.2. Marine residual fuels specification ISO 8217:2005.
Permission to reproduce extracts from BS ISO 8217:2005 AND BS ISO 8217:2010 is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services for hardcop.
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Cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- The authors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1. Demand by bunker fuel type 2010-2030 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.2. Base case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.3. Base case total demand east and west of Suez - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.4. Base case demand by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.5. Low case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.6. High case demand by product - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.7. Introduction of the global cap in 2020. Demand - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.8. Distillate and residual bunker demand with global cap in 2020 v 2025 - million MT -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC -- (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.9. Distillate bunker demand with global cap in 2020 v 2025 - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.10. Sulphur emissions -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.11. Future refinery capacity additions - mmbpd -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.12. Fuel oil net trade balances -- © Outlook for Marine Bunkers and Fuel Oil to 2030, Robin Meech and EMC (part of the FGE-FACTS Global Group) -- Figure 1.13. Regional demand for distillates - 1,000 bpd -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 1.14. Historic crude oil prices - per barrel -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 2.1. Atmospheric distillation -- Figure 2.2. Residual fuel manufacture -- Figure 2.3. Vacuum distillation -- Figure 2.4. Visbreaking -- Figure 2.5. Catalytic cracker -- Figure 2.6. Residual fuel manufacture -- Figure 2.7. Feedstocks/products in a complex refinery -- Figure 2.8. Mechanical blender -- Figure 2.9. A CBI barge blending unit.

Photograph courtesy of CBI Engineering -- Figure 4.1. Daily flows for a 10,000 kW two stroke engine running at 85% maximum continuous rating -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.2. Global vessel density -- Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER), sponsored by the USCG Operations Systems Center. Data provided by the AMVER team, display generated by the E-GIS team. Amver density plot for May 2012 (vessels/km2) -- Figure 4.3. Density of premature deaths from marine PM emissions -- Corbett, J. J. -- Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H. -- Kasibhatla, P. -- Eyring, V. -- Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science &amp -- Technology 2007, 41, (24), 8512-8518 -- Figure 4.4. Relationship between sulphur content of bunkers and PM emissions -- Figure 4.5. Global inventory of NOx -- Based on EPA data -- Figure 4.6. Distribution of CO2 emissions in 2007 -- Figure 4.7. MARPOL Annex VI NOx emission limits -- Graph courtesy of the International Maritime Organization -- Figure 4.8. Summary of marine emissions environmental regulations -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.9. North and Baltic Sea Emission Control Area -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.10. North American Emission Control Area -- Figure 4.11. Puerto Rico and US Virgin Island Emission Control Area -- Figure 4.12. Energy efficiency design index for larger bulk carriers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 4.13. Basic flow diagram of the EEDI verification process -- Figure 5.1. Ratios between SO2 and CO2 emissions for residual and distillate fuels -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.2. Open loop scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Hamworthy Krystallon -- Figure 5.3. Closed loop scrubber (Wärtsilä) -- Figure 5.4. Hybrid scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Aalborg Industries -- Figure 5.5. Dry scrubber -- Diagram courtesy of Couple Systems.

Figure 5.6. Electronic wet system - CSNOx system -- Diagram courtesy of Ecospec Marine Technology -- Figure 5.7. Cold ironing concept -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.8. Duplicate bunker tankage to facilitate fuel switching -- Figure 5.9. Indicative low sulphur bunker price premium -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.10. Capital costs of retrofitting scrubbers in 2012 - 1,000 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.11. Unit retrofitting costs for scrubbers /kW -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.12. Indicative future unit capital costs of 20 MW scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.13. Economics of scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.14. Internal rate of return on investing in retrofitting a scrubber against days steaming in an ECA per annum after 2014 -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 5.15. Potential investment and use of scrubbers -- © Robin Meech -- Figure 6.1. Bunker prices - current /MT -- BP Statistical Review of World Energy -- Figure 6.2. Global ship deliveries - million DWT -- Figure 6.3. Fleet of LNG bunkered ships - non-LNG carriers Q1 2012 -- Figure 6.4. Baltic LNG bunkering terminal developments in 2011 -- North European LNG Infrastructure Project. Map courtesy of the Danish Maritime Authority -- Figure 8.1. Manual line sampler -- Diagram courtesy of DNV Petroleum Services -- Figure 8.2. Jiskoot auto sampler -- Photograph courtesy of Cameron International Corporation -- Figure 8.3. Layered tank contents -- Figure 8.4. Examples of sample positions -- Figure 8.5. Sampling cages -- Figure 8.6. Weighted sampling can -- Figure 8.7. Dead bottom samplers -- Figure 8.8. Sample seal -- Photograph courtesy of DNV Petroleum Services -- Figure 8.9. Coriolis meter schematic -- Figure 8.10. Coriolis meter in situ -- Figure 9.1. Two stroke cycle -- Figure 9.2. Four stroke cycle a) Suction stroke -- b) Compression stroke.

c) Power stroke -- d) Exhaust stroke -- Figure 9.3. Two stroke crosshead engine -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.4. Large bore four stroke trunk engine (MAN L51-60G) -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.5. Section of a turbocharger -- Diagram courtesy of MAN Diesel &amp -- Turbo -- Figure 9.6. Cylinder liner with vertical abrasive wear and fouled scavenge ports -- Figure 9.7. A new piston crown showing the piston ring grooves -- Figure 9.8. Piston rings seized in the ring grooves by combustion deposits -- Figure 9.9. Broken piston rings -- Figure 9.10. Pitting on an exhaust valve -- Figure 9.11. Crankshaft showing counterbalance weights, connecting rods and pistons -- Figure 9.12. Ebba Maersk crankshaft -- Photograph courtesy of A.P. Møller-Maersk A/S -- Figure 9.13. Damaged blades of a turbocharger -- Figure 9.14. Fouled air charge cooler -- Figure 9.15. Fuel valve -- Figure 9.16. Damaged fuel injection components -- Figure 9.17. Typical exhaust gas boiler in combination with an oil fired boiler -- Figure 9.18. Typical transverse section of cargo hold -- Figure 9.19. Sectional view of double bottom tank -- Figure 9.20. Fuel treatment process from the settling tank to the service tank -- Figure 9.21. Typical centrifugal separator -- Figure 9.22. Separator bowl internals -- Figure 9.23. Conventional separator interface -- Figure 9.24. Purifier -- Figure 9.25. -- Figure 9.26. -- Figure 9.27. Schematic installation layout of an ALCAP fuel system. -- Figure 9.28. Pressurised fuel oil system, with filter in supply line -- Figure 9.29. -- Figure 9.30. Fuel oil treatment system -- Figure 9.31. -- Figure 9.32. -- Figure 9.33. Protector automatic fuel filter shown on the hot side of the booster module -- Figure 9.34. Filter elements.

Figure 10.1. Nomogram for deriving CCAI and CII -- Figure 11.1. Photograph of glass fibre filters from satisfactory Total Potential Sediment test -- Figure 11.2. FIA - 100/3 manual version, shown together with a portable PC displaying typical test results -- Photograph courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.3. FIA - 100/3 fully automatic version -- Photograph courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.4. Working principle of the Fueltech FIA 100/3 analyser -- Diagram courtesy of Fueltech Solutions -- Figure 11.6. -- Figure 11.5. -- Figure 11.7. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry instrument -- Figure 11.8. A typical GC column -- Figure 11.9. Chromatogram from head space analysis of a residual marine bunker fuel -- Figure 11.10. Chromatogram of fuel acid-extract illustrating 'tall oil' contamination -- Figure 11.11. SEM instrumentation -- Figure 11.12. Magnification of particles with scanning electron microscopy -- List of Tables -- Table 1.2. Base case demand of residual bunkers by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.1. Definition of types of bunkers -- Table 1.3. Base case demand of distillate bunkers by region - million MT -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.4. Details of sulphur emissions -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.5. Supply demand for fuel oil -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.6. Demand for distillates -- © Robin Meech -- Table 1.7. Into ship bunker prices /MT -- Table 2.1. Typical crude properties -- Table 2.2. Viscosity blending -- Table 2.3. Flash point blending chart -- Table 2.4. Flash point blending -- Table 3.1. Marine distillate specification ISO 8217:2005 -- Table 3.2. Marine residual fuels specification ISO 8217:2005.

Permission to reproduce extracts from BS ISO 8217:2005 AND BS ISO 8217:2010 is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services for hardcop.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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