Membrane Characterization.

Front Cover -- Membrane Characterization -- Membrane Characterization -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- 1 - Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization -- 1 - Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. FTIR Principle and Analysis Process -- 3. Sample Preparation Methods -- 4. Techniques of Sample Handling -- 5. Membrane Surface Functionalization Monitoring by FTIR -- 5.1 Blending and Coating Approach -- 5.2 Chemical Treatment -- 5.3 Plasma Treatment -- 5.4 Surface Grafting -- 5.5 Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.6 Nanostructured Fillers -- 5.7 Ultraviolet Induced-Modification -- 6. Stability and Durability Monitoring in Various Membrane Application by FTIR -- 6.1 Water and Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2 Gas Separation -- 6.3 Fuel Cell -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Raman Spectroscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy -- 3. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymer Characterization -- 4. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymeric Membrane Characterization -- 4.1 Polymeric Membrane Formation -- 4.2 Polymeric Fuel Cell Membranes -- 4.3 Polymeric Composite Membrane With Additives/Fillers -- 4.4 Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Strategy -- 5. Conclusion -- List of Abbreviation -- References -- 3 - Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of EPR -- 2.1 Principle of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- 2.2 Electron Spin and Magnetic Moment -- 2.3 Hyperfine Coupling -- 2.4 Block Diagram of EPR Spectrometer -- 2.5 Spin-Labeling Method -- 3. EPR Applications for the Synthetic Polymeric Membranes -- 3.1 EPR Applications at the University of Ottawa -- 3.2 Applications of EPR to Study Fouling of RO and UF Membranes -- 4. Other Examples of EPR Applications -- 4.1 Aging of Proton Exchange Membranes -- 4.2 Study of Carbon Nanotubes.

4.3 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 4.4 State of Interfacial Water -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 4 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics of NMR Spectroscopy -- 3. Prediction of Molecular Structure, Blend Miscibility, Phase Morphology of the Polymers -- 4. Determination of Pore Structure and Pore Radius of the Polymeric Membrane -- 5. Determination of Stability and Degradation of Polymeric Membranes -- 6. Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Symbols -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 - X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics of XPS -- 2.1 XPS Spectral Analysis -- 3. Determination of Atomic Concentration in Polymer Membranes -- 4. Prediction of Crosslinking and Hydrophilicity of the Polymer Membranes -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Small-Angle Scattering Techniques (SAXS/SANS) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Profile -- 3. Scattering Profile of Cross-Linked Polymer -- 4. Study of the TFC Membrane -- 5. Small-Angle Scattering From Dilute Polymer Solution or Colloidal Solution Systems -- 6. Probing Polymer-Nanoparticle Interaction in Dilute Solution -- 7. Structure of Polymer Nanocomposite Membrane -- 8. Understanding Form and Structure Factor in Rubbery Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- 2 - Microscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization -- 7 - Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. AFM Imaging Modes -- 2.1 Contact Mode -- 2.2 Tapping Mode (Intermittent Contact) Mode -- 2.3 Noncontact Mode -- 3. Interaction Force Measurements -- 4. Membrane Surface Imaging and Characterization -- 4.1 Measurement of Roughness of Membrane Surfaces -- 4.2 Measurement of Surface Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution.

4.3 Use of AFM in the Modification and Development of Separation Membranes -- 5. Fouling Characterization of Filtration Membranes Using AFM -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics of TEM -- 3. Bright-Field and Dark-Field Images -- 3.1 Diffraction -- 3.2 Crystal Structure and Elemental Information -- 4. Specimen Preparation -- 4.1 Basics of RO Membrane Structure -- 4.2 Specimen of Membrane Building Blocks -- 4.3 Specimen of RO Membrane -- 5. Characterization of Membrane Building Block -- 6. Membrane Characterization -- 6.1 Cross-Section and Tomography of RO TFC Membrane -- 6.2 Membrane Fouling -- 7. Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Symbols -- References -- 9 - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy -- 2.1 Principles of SEM -- 2.2 Principles of FESEM -- 2.3 Principles of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy -- 3. Applications in Membrane Characterization -- 3.1 Ceramic Membrane -- 3.2 Polymeric Membrane -- 3.3 Carbon Membrane -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Physical and Chemical Characterization Methods for Membrane Characterization -- 10 - Pore Size Measurements and Distribution for Ceramic Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typical Method for Pore Size Measurements and Distribution -- 2.1 Gas Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms -- 2.2 Permporometry -- 2.3 Mercury Porosimetry -- 2.4 Thermoporometry -- 2.5 Bubble Point Method -- 2.6 Liquid Displacement Method -- 3. Comparisons Between Measurements -- 4. Conclusion -- Notation -- Greek Letters -- Subscripts -- References -- 11 - The Bubble Gas Transport Method -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle of Bubble Gas Transport Method -- 2.1 Bubble Gas Transport Method -- 2.2 Bubble Gas Transport With Gas Permeation.

3. Experimental Setup and Procedure -- 4. Critical Aspects of Bubble Gas Transport Method -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- Abbreviations -- Symbols -- References -- 12 - Contact Angle Measurements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Contact Angle-Young's Equation -- 2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis -- 2.3 The Wenzel Equation -- 2.4 The Cassie Equation -- 3. Method of Contact Angle Measurement -- 3.1 Sessile Drop Technique -- 3.2 Captive Bubble Method -- 3.3 Wilhelmy Plate Method -- 3.4 Capillary Rise at a Vertical Plate -- 4. Factors Affecting Contact Angle Measurements -- 4.1 Roughness Factor -- 4.2 Analyzing the "True" Apparent Contact Angle -- 4.3 Heterogeneity Factor -- 4.4 The Effect of Particle Shape and Size -- 5. Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity Analysis -- 6. The Membrane Characterization by Contact Angle -- 6.1 Contact Angle and Permeation -- 6.2 Contact Angle and Membrane Modification -- 6.2.1 Effect of Organic Additives -- 6.2.2 Effect of Inorganic Additives -- 6.3 Contact Angle and Antifouling Properties -- 7. Conclusion -- List of Symbols -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Mechanical Properties Characterization of Membranes -- 13 - Mechanical Characterization of Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanical Characterization Techniques -- 2.1 Uniaxial Tensile Test -- 2.2 Bending Test -- 2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis -- 2.4 Nanoindentation -- 2.5 Bursting Test -- 3. Mechanical Degradation of Polymeric Membranes -- 3.1 Fouling Induced Mechanical Degradation -- 3.2 Chemical Cleaning Induced Mechanical Degradation -- 3.3 Membranes Delamination -- 4. Stress-State of Polymeric Membrane Under Actual Condition -- 4.1 Flat Sheet Membranes -- 4.2 Hollow Fiber Membranes -- 5. Advanced Techniques for Mechanical Properties Testing -- 5.1 Environmental Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Membranes.

5.2 Membrane Fatigue Behavior -- 5.3 Real-Time Micromechanical Investigations -- 6. Conclusions -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 5 - Mass Transport, Modeling and Feed Solution Characterization -- 14 - Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes -- 2.1 Porous Membrane -- 2.2 Nonporous Membrane -- 3. Application -- 3.1 Gas Separation -- 3.2 Pervaporation -- 3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 4. Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Symbols -- References -- 15 - Mass Transport in Porous Liquid Phase Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mass Transfer From the Bulk Feed to the Membrane Surface -- 3. Separation of Solutes at the Membrane Surface -- 4. Transport of Solutes Through the Membrane -- 5. Solute Transfer From the Membrane Interface to the Bulk Permeate -- 6. Liquid Phase Membrane Applications -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 16 - The Use of Modeling for Characterization of Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background Information -- 3. Simple Models for Basic Membrane Characterization -- 4. Advanced Models for Structural and Electrical Properties Characterization -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 17 - Feed Solution Characterization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Particle Size and Shape -- 2.1 The Particle Size Conundrum and Equivalent Sphere Concept -- 2.2 Basic Statistics -- 2.3 Number and Volume Distributions -- 3. Methods of Particle Size Measurement -- 3.1 Characterization of Particle Size by Light Scattering -- 3.1.1 Laser Diffraction -- 3.1.2 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 4. Particle Charge and Zeta Potential -- 4.1 pH Titration -- 4.2 Electrophoresis -- 4.2.1 Isoelectric Point (i.e.p.) -- 5. Viscosity -- 5.1 Viscosity Experiments -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 18 - Electrokinetic Phenomena for Membrane Charge -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Electrophoresis -- 3. Electro-Osmosis.

4. Sedimentation Potential.

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