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Emerging Issues in Sustainable Development : International Trade Law and Policy Relating to Natural Resources, Energy, and the Environment.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextSeries: Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific SeriesPublisher: Tokyo : Springer Japan, 2016Copyright date: ©2016Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (402 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9784431564263
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Emerging Issues in Sustainable DevelopmentLOC classification:
  • K1001-1395
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Natural Resources, International Trade, and Sustainable Development -- Contents -- Editors and Authors -- Part I: Law and Policy on Natural Resources in Selected Asian Countries -- Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Energy Regulation in Australia: The Energy White Paper in Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Australia´s Natural Resource Profile -- 3 Regulation of Natural Resources in Australia -- 3.1 Federal Regulation -- 3.1.1 Export Controls -- 3.1.2 Foreign Investment -- 3.1.3 Native Title -- 3.1.4 Environmental Regulation -- 3.2 State and Territory Regulation -- 3.2.1 Case Study: Queensland -- 4 Trade in Natural Resources -- 4.1 Exports -- 4.2 Imports -- 5 Energy Security -- 5.1 Natural Gas -- 5.1.1 Coal Seam Gas -- 5.1.2 Natural Gas Reserve -- 5.2 Nuclear Production -- 6 Renewable Energy Sources -- 6.1 Pricing Measures -- 6.2 Renewable Technologies -- 6.3 Emissions Reductions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Legal System of Natural Resources Protection in China: GATT 20 and China´s Export Limits on Resources -- 1 The Legislative Status of China´s Natural Resources -- 2 Problems in Legislation of China´s Natural Environment -- 3 The Improvement and Perfection in Legislation of Natural Resources of China -- 4 The Basic Characteristics of the Legal System Regarding the Protection of Natural Resources -- 4.1 The Legal System for the Paid Use of Natural Resources -- 4.2 The Filing System of Natural Resources -- 4.3 The Natural Resources Permission System -- 5 GATT Art. 20 and China´s Export Limits on Resources -- References -- Chapter 3: Law and Policy on Mineral Resources in Mongolia: Seeking Inescapable Stability -- 1 Introduction to Mongolia and Its Legal System -- 1.1 Overview of Mongolia -- 1.2 Overview of Legal System -- 2 Legal and Policy Framework on Natural Resources: History.
3 Current Policy Framework of Natural Resources -- 3.1 An Attempt Towards Stability: State Policy on Mineral Resources -- 3.2 Other State Policies on Mineral Resources -- 3.3 Export Related Aspects of Mineral Resources -- 4 Codification Attempt: Current Legal Framework for Minerals in Mongolia -- 5 Mining Projects and Public Perception -- 6 Current Issues of Policy and Law in Mineral Resources Sector -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Natural Resources Regime in India: Impact on Trade and Investment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regulatory Framework Governing Natural Resources in India -- 2.1 Overview of India´s Domestic Regulatory Framework -- 2.2 Regulation of Mines and Minerals -- 2.2.1 FDI in Mining Sector -- 2.3 Coal and Coal Mining -- 2.3.1 FDI in Coal Sector -- 2.4 Petroleum and Petroleum Products -- 2.4.1 FDI in Petroleum Sector -- 2.5 Natural Gas, and LNG -- 3 Evolution of the Doctrine of Public Trust with Regard to Natural Resources -- 3.1 Emergence of Public Trust Doctrine in Environmental Law Cases in India -- 3.2 Public Trust Over Oil and Gas Resources -- 3.3 Public Trust in Relation to the India´s Airwaves: The 2G Case Law in India -- 3.4 Impact of the Public Trust Doctrine on Natural Resource Governance -- 4 Trade Restrictions on Natural Resources -- 4.1 Import Tariffs on Natural Resources -- 4.2 Export Restrictions -- 5 Conclusion -- Part II: Export Restrictions and WTO Agreements -- Chapter 5: A Note on the China Rare Earths Case -- 1 Introduction -- 2 GATT Disciplines on Export Restrictions -- 2.1 Export Duties -- 2.2 Export Quotas -- 3 WTO/GATT Dispute Settlement Cases Preceding the China Rare Earths Case -- 4 The Panel Report in the China Rare Earths Case -- 4.1 Export Duties -- 4.2 Export Quotas -- 4.3 The GATT Article XX(g) Requirements -- 4.4 Trading Rights -- 5 The Appellate Body Report on the China Rare Earths Case.
5.1 Export Duties -- 5.2 Export Quotas -- 6 A Critical Analysis of the Panel and the Appellate Body Reports in the China Rare Earths Case -- 6.1 Export Duties -- 6.2 The Relationship Between the WTO Agreement and WTO Accession Protocols -- 6.3 Export Quotas -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The World Trade Organization and Export Restrictions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 WTO Law on Export Restrictions on Natural Resources: Legal Provisions and Jurisprudence -- 2.1 Legal Provisions in the WTO Agreements -- 2.1.1 Quantitative Export Restrictions -- Article XI of the GATT 1994 -- Article 12 of the Agreement on Agriculture -- 2.1.2 Export Duties/Tariffs -- 2.1.3 Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT 1994 -- 2.2 WTO Jurisprudence Relating to Export Restrictions on Natural Resources -- 2.2.1 Article XI of the GATT 1994 -- Article XI:1: Meaning of ``Prohibition´´ and ``Restriction´´ -- Article XI:2(a): Meaning of ``Temporarily´´, ``Applied to Prevent or Relieve´´ and ``Critical Shortages´´ -- 2.2.2 Export Duties/Tariffs -- 2.2.3 Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT 1994 Relating to Natural Resources -- Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 -- Article XX(b): Objective of the Measure -- Article XX(b): ``Necessary´´ -- Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994 -- Article XX(g): ``Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources´´ -- Article XX(g): ``Made Effective in Conjunction with Restrictions on Domestic Production or Consumption´´ -- 2.2.4 Difference Between Export Restrictions Covered by GATT Article XI:2(a) and Those Justified Under GATT Article XX -- 3 Disciplines and Jurisprudence on Export Duties in Accession Protocols -- 4 Some Multilateral Systemic Issues Raised in the Recent Years -- 4.1 Food Security and Export Restrictions on Agricultural Products -- 4.1.1 The Use of Export Restrictions During the 2007-2008 Food Crisis.
4.1.2 The Agreement on Agriculture and ``Due Consideration´´ to Food Importing Countries -- 4.2 Export Restrictions and Sustainable Development -- 4.3 Export Restrictions and Environmental Protection -- 5 Disciplines on Export Restrictions in Regional Trade Agreements -- 5.1 Disciplines on Quantitative Export Restrictions in RTAs -- 5.1.1 WTO-Plus RTAs -- Agreements That Impose Conditions on the Use of Exceptions -- Agreements with Fewer Exceptions Than the WTO -- 5.1.2 WTO-Minus RTAs -- 5.1.3 WTO-Equal RTAs -- 5.2 Disciplines on Export Duties in RTAs -- 5.2.1 WTO-Plus RTAs -- Agreements Prohibiting New Export Duties (Taxes) or Increases in Existing Duties (Taxes) -- Agreements Imposing a General Prohibition on Export Duties -- 5.2.2 WTO-Minus RTAs -- 5.2.3 WTO-Equal RTAs -- 6 Proposals for Reform -- 6.1 Doha Round Proposals for Reform and G20 Negotiations -- 6.2 Reforms Based on Experiences in RTAs -- 6.2.1 Narrowing the GATT Article XI:2(a) Exception -- 6.2.2 Procedural Rules for the Use of Export Restrictions -- 6.2.3 Positive Product List -- 6.2.4 Controlling Market Shares -- 6.2.5 Prohibiting the Use of Quantitative Export Restrictions on Exports Directed Towards Poor Net Food-Importing Countries -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Reforming WTO Discipline on Export Duties: Sovereignty Over Natural Resources, Economic Development and Environment... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Irrational WTO Regime on Export Restraints -- 2.1 Curious Absence of GATT Discipline on Export Tariffs -- 2.2 Export Duty Commitments Under the WTO Agreement -- 2.2.1 Export Duty Commitments Under the GATT -- 2.2.2 Export-Duty Commitments Under Accession Protocols -- 2.2.3 Legal Issues Raised by the Stand-Alone Export Duty Commitments -- 2.2.4 The Russia Model -- 2.3 The Four Tiers of WTO Members -- 3 Policy Implications of the WTO Export-Duty Regime.
3.1 The Role of Export Duties -- 3.2 Export Duties and Economic Development -- 3.2.1 The Sovereign Right to Use Natural Resources for Economic Development -- 3.2.2 WTO Constraints on the Sovereign Right to Dispose Freely of Natural Resources -- 3.2.3 Tariffs Remain the Only Lawful Means of Restricting Exports for Developmental Purpose -- 3.2.4 Implications for the Several Acceding Members -- 3.3 Export Duties and Environmental Protection -- 3.3.1 Partial Conservation and Incremental Improvement -- 3.3.2 Managing Negative Externalities -- 3.4 Impact of WTO Rulings in China-Raw Materials: The Case of Rare Earths -- 3.4.1 Background of the Rare Earths Controversy -- 3.4.2 Government and Public Responses -- 4 The Road to Reform -- 4.1 Establishing a System-Wide Discipline on Export Duties -- 4.1.1 Reaffirm the Need for Regulating the Use of Export Duties -- 4.1.2 Regulate Export Duties in the Same Way as Import Tariffs, Taking into Account Their Legitimate Functions -- 4.2 Bringing All Stand-Alone Export Concessions into GATT -- 4.2.1 Create ``Part V´´ of GATT Schedules for the Acceding Members -- 4.2.2 China Should Take the Lead in Reform -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Status of Export Duty Obligations of WTO Members -- References -- Part III: Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources -- Chapter 8: Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NAFTA and Trade in Energy Resources -- 2.1 NAFTA Chapter 6: Energy and Basic Petrochemicals -- 2.1.1 General Principles and Scope -- 2.1.2 Import and Export Restrictions and Export Taxes -- 2.1.3 Other Export Measures and National Security Measures -- 2.2 Legal Implications of the NAFTA Chapter 6 -- 2.3 Mexico´s Energy Sector Reform -- 3 Japan´s EPAs and Energy and Mineral Resources -- 3.1 Japan-Indonesia EPA and Energy and Mineral Resources -- 3.1.1 Scope.
3.1.2 Import and Export Restrictions.
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Intro -- Preface -- Natural Resources, International Trade, and Sustainable Development -- Contents -- Editors and Authors -- Part I: Law and Policy on Natural Resources in Selected Asian Countries -- Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Energy Regulation in Australia: The Energy White Paper in Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Australia´s Natural Resource Profile -- 3 Regulation of Natural Resources in Australia -- 3.1 Federal Regulation -- 3.1.1 Export Controls -- 3.1.2 Foreign Investment -- 3.1.3 Native Title -- 3.1.4 Environmental Regulation -- 3.2 State and Territory Regulation -- 3.2.1 Case Study: Queensland -- 4 Trade in Natural Resources -- 4.1 Exports -- 4.2 Imports -- 5 Energy Security -- 5.1 Natural Gas -- 5.1.1 Coal Seam Gas -- 5.1.2 Natural Gas Reserve -- 5.2 Nuclear Production -- 6 Renewable Energy Sources -- 6.1 Pricing Measures -- 6.2 Renewable Technologies -- 6.3 Emissions Reductions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Legal System of Natural Resources Protection in China: GATT 20 and China´s Export Limits on Resources -- 1 The Legislative Status of China´s Natural Resources -- 2 Problems in Legislation of China´s Natural Environment -- 3 The Improvement and Perfection in Legislation of Natural Resources of China -- 4 The Basic Characteristics of the Legal System Regarding the Protection of Natural Resources -- 4.1 The Legal System for the Paid Use of Natural Resources -- 4.2 The Filing System of Natural Resources -- 4.3 The Natural Resources Permission System -- 5 GATT Art. 20 and China´s Export Limits on Resources -- References -- Chapter 3: Law and Policy on Mineral Resources in Mongolia: Seeking Inescapable Stability -- 1 Introduction to Mongolia and Its Legal System -- 1.1 Overview of Mongolia -- 1.2 Overview of Legal System -- 2 Legal and Policy Framework on Natural Resources: History.

3 Current Policy Framework of Natural Resources -- 3.1 An Attempt Towards Stability: State Policy on Mineral Resources -- 3.2 Other State Policies on Mineral Resources -- 3.3 Export Related Aspects of Mineral Resources -- 4 Codification Attempt: Current Legal Framework for Minerals in Mongolia -- 5 Mining Projects and Public Perception -- 6 Current Issues of Policy and Law in Mineral Resources Sector -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Natural Resources Regime in India: Impact on Trade and Investment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regulatory Framework Governing Natural Resources in India -- 2.1 Overview of India´s Domestic Regulatory Framework -- 2.2 Regulation of Mines and Minerals -- 2.2.1 FDI in Mining Sector -- 2.3 Coal and Coal Mining -- 2.3.1 FDI in Coal Sector -- 2.4 Petroleum and Petroleum Products -- 2.4.1 FDI in Petroleum Sector -- 2.5 Natural Gas, and LNG -- 3 Evolution of the Doctrine of Public Trust with Regard to Natural Resources -- 3.1 Emergence of Public Trust Doctrine in Environmental Law Cases in India -- 3.2 Public Trust Over Oil and Gas Resources -- 3.3 Public Trust in Relation to the India´s Airwaves: The 2G Case Law in India -- 3.4 Impact of the Public Trust Doctrine on Natural Resource Governance -- 4 Trade Restrictions on Natural Resources -- 4.1 Import Tariffs on Natural Resources -- 4.2 Export Restrictions -- 5 Conclusion -- Part II: Export Restrictions and WTO Agreements -- Chapter 5: A Note on the China Rare Earths Case -- 1 Introduction -- 2 GATT Disciplines on Export Restrictions -- 2.1 Export Duties -- 2.2 Export Quotas -- 3 WTO/GATT Dispute Settlement Cases Preceding the China Rare Earths Case -- 4 The Panel Report in the China Rare Earths Case -- 4.1 Export Duties -- 4.2 Export Quotas -- 4.3 The GATT Article XX(g) Requirements -- 4.4 Trading Rights -- 5 The Appellate Body Report on the China Rare Earths Case.

5.1 Export Duties -- 5.2 Export Quotas -- 6 A Critical Analysis of the Panel and the Appellate Body Reports in the China Rare Earths Case -- 6.1 Export Duties -- 6.2 The Relationship Between the WTO Agreement and WTO Accession Protocols -- 6.3 Export Quotas -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The World Trade Organization and Export Restrictions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 WTO Law on Export Restrictions on Natural Resources: Legal Provisions and Jurisprudence -- 2.1 Legal Provisions in the WTO Agreements -- 2.1.1 Quantitative Export Restrictions -- Article XI of the GATT 1994 -- Article 12 of the Agreement on Agriculture -- 2.1.2 Export Duties/Tariffs -- 2.1.3 Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT 1994 -- 2.2 WTO Jurisprudence Relating to Export Restrictions on Natural Resources -- 2.2.1 Article XI of the GATT 1994 -- Article XI:1: Meaning of ``Prohibition´´ and ``Restriction´´ -- Article XI:2(a): Meaning of ``Temporarily´´, ``Applied to Prevent or Relieve´´ and ``Critical Shortages´´ -- 2.2.2 Export Duties/Tariffs -- 2.2.3 Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT 1994 Relating to Natural Resources -- Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 -- Article XX(b): Objective of the Measure -- Article XX(b): ``Necessary´´ -- Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994 -- Article XX(g): ``Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources´´ -- Article XX(g): ``Made Effective in Conjunction with Restrictions on Domestic Production or Consumption´´ -- 2.2.4 Difference Between Export Restrictions Covered by GATT Article XI:2(a) and Those Justified Under GATT Article XX -- 3 Disciplines and Jurisprudence on Export Duties in Accession Protocols -- 4 Some Multilateral Systemic Issues Raised in the Recent Years -- 4.1 Food Security and Export Restrictions on Agricultural Products -- 4.1.1 The Use of Export Restrictions During the 2007-2008 Food Crisis.

4.1.2 The Agreement on Agriculture and ``Due Consideration´´ to Food Importing Countries -- 4.2 Export Restrictions and Sustainable Development -- 4.3 Export Restrictions and Environmental Protection -- 5 Disciplines on Export Restrictions in Regional Trade Agreements -- 5.1 Disciplines on Quantitative Export Restrictions in RTAs -- 5.1.1 WTO-Plus RTAs -- Agreements That Impose Conditions on the Use of Exceptions -- Agreements with Fewer Exceptions Than the WTO -- 5.1.2 WTO-Minus RTAs -- 5.1.3 WTO-Equal RTAs -- 5.2 Disciplines on Export Duties in RTAs -- 5.2.1 WTO-Plus RTAs -- Agreements Prohibiting New Export Duties (Taxes) or Increases in Existing Duties (Taxes) -- Agreements Imposing a General Prohibition on Export Duties -- 5.2.2 WTO-Minus RTAs -- 5.2.3 WTO-Equal RTAs -- 6 Proposals for Reform -- 6.1 Doha Round Proposals for Reform and G20 Negotiations -- 6.2 Reforms Based on Experiences in RTAs -- 6.2.1 Narrowing the GATT Article XI:2(a) Exception -- 6.2.2 Procedural Rules for the Use of Export Restrictions -- 6.2.3 Positive Product List -- 6.2.4 Controlling Market Shares -- 6.2.5 Prohibiting the Use of Quantitative Export Restrictions on Exports Directed Towards Poor Net Food-Importing Countries -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Reforming WTO Discipline on Export Duties: Sovereignty Over Natural Resources, Economic Development and Environment... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Irrational WTO Regime on Export Restraints -- 2.1 Curious Absence of GATT Discipline on Export Tariffs -- 2.2 Export Duty Commitments Under the WTO Agreement -- 2.2.1 Export Duty Commitments Under the GATT -- 2.2.2 Export-Duty Commitments Under Accession Protocols -- 2.2.3 Legal Issues Raised by the Stand-Alone Export Duty Commitments -- 2.2.4 The Russia Model -- 2.3 The Four Tiers of WTO Members -- 3 Policy Implications of the WTO Export-Duty Regime.

3.1 The Role of Export Duties -- 3.2 Export Duties and Economic Development -- 3.2.1 The Sovereign Right to Use Natural Resources for Economic Development -- 3.2.2 WTO Constraints on the Sovereign Right to Dispose Freely of Natural Resources -- 3.2.3 Tariffs Remain the Only Lawful Means of Restricting Exports for Developmental Purpose -- 3.2.4 Implications for the Several Acceding Members -- 3.3 Export Duties and Environmental Protection -- 3.3.1 Partial Conservation and Incremental Improvement -- 3.3.2 Managing Negative Externalities -- 3.4 Impact of WTO Rulings in China-Raw Materials: The Case of Rare Earths -- 3.4.1 Background of the Rare Earths Controversy -- 3.4.2 Government and Public Responses -- 4 The Road to Reform -- 4.1 Establishing a System-Wide Discipline on Export Duties -- 4.1.1 Reaffirm the Need for Regulating the Use of Export Duties -- 4.1.2 Regulate Export Duties in the Same Way as Import Tariffs, Taking into Account Their Legitimate Functions -- 4.2 Bringing All Stand-Alone Export Concessions into GATT -- 4.2.1 Create ``Part V´´ of GATT Schedules for the Acceding Members -- 4.2.2 China Should Take the Lead in Reform -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Status of Export Duty Obligations of WTO Members -- References -- Part III: Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources -- Chapter 8: Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NAFTA and Trade in Energy Resources -- 2.1 NAFTA Chapter 6: Energy and Basic Petrochemicals -- 2.1.1 General Principles and Scope -- 2.1.2 Import and Export Restrictions and Export Taxes -- 2.1.3 Other Export Measures and National Security Measures -- 2.2 Legal Implications of the NAFTA Chapter 6 -- 2.3 Mexico´s Energy Sector Reform -- 3 Japan´s EPAs and Energy and Mineral Resources -- 3.1 Japan-Indonesia EPA and Energy and Mineral Resources -- 3.1.1 Scope.

3.1.2 Import and Export Restrictions.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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