Research Methods in Social Relations.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface to the Eighth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- About the Companion Website -- Part I: Underpinnings of Social Relations Research -- Chapter 1: Ways of Thinking and Knowing -- Recognizing Importance of Research Methods and Relevance of Research -- Perspective -- The Place of Values in Social Science Research -- Contestability in Social and Physical Sciences -- Casual Observation -- Naïve Hypotheses and Theories of Social Behavior -- Sources of Support for Naïve Hypotheses Underlying Casual Observation -- Logical Analysis -- Authority -- Consensus -- Observation -- Past Experience -- Toward a Science of Social Behavior -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Doing Social Science Research -- The Nature of Social Science Theories and Hypotheses -- What Makes a Theory Productive? -- The Functions of Research in Constructing Theories -- Discovery -- Demonstration -- Refutation -- Replication -- Criteria for Evaluating Social Science Research -- Construct Validity -- Internal Validity -- External Validity -- Conclusion Validity -- Maximizing Construct Validity -- Maximizing Internal Validity -- Maximizing External Validity -- Basic and Applied Research -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Ethical Principles -- The Tuskegee Syphilis Study -- Why Did Ethical Concerns Arise? -- The Belmont Report -- Respect for Persons -- Beneficence -- Justice -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Experimental Research: Deception -- Using Deception in an Ethical Manner -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Quasi-Experimental Research: Confidentiality and Anonymity -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Non-Experimental Research: Participant Observation -- Is Not Doing a Study Ethical? -- The Ethical Review Process -- Closing Thoughts -- Summary -- Key Concepts.

On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Roles and Relations among Researchers, Practitioners, and Participants in Engaged Research -- Roles of Researchers in Work with Practitioners, Policy Makers, and Participants in Social Research -- Action Research Approaches -- Participatory Action Research -- Community-Based Participatory Research -- Importance of Work that Engages Practitioners and Is Relevant to Policy -- Historical Roots of Engaged Research -- Importance of Collaborative Engaged Research -- Prior Social Relations Research Affecting Policy and Practice -- Applied versus Translational Research -- Practical Suggestions for Developing Relations with Policy Makers, Practitioners, and Communities -- Developing Relationships -- Being Aware of and Acknowledging Other Ongoing Research and Partnership Efforts -- Organizing Meetings -- Building Commitment to the Work -- Dynamics of Power in Relationships with Communities -- Communication -- Establishing Timelines for Work and a Work Plan -- Finding Support for the Research -- Summary -- Illustrative Examples -- 1. Schoolyard Gardens -- 2. After-School Programs -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Research in Laboratory Settings -- When Should the Laboratory Be Used? -- Universalistic versus Particularistic Research Goals -- Basic versus Applied Research -- Examining What Does Happen versus What Would Happen -- Manipulable versus Nonmanipulable Independent Variables -- Short versus Long Time Frames -- Participants' Awareness of the Research -- Summary -- Types of Laboratory Study -- Impact Studies -- Judgment Studies -- Observational Studies -- Summary -- Artifact and Artificiality -- The Laboratory and Types of Validity -- "Artificiality" of the Laboratory -- Overcoming Threats to Validity of Laboratory Research -- Elements of a Laboratory Study -- Setting.

Independent Variable -- Manipulation Checks -- Dependent Variable -- Debriefing -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Research in Field and Community-Based Settings -- Levels of Analysis -- Randomization: Pro and Con -- Illustrations of Non-Laboratory Research -- Experimental Research: The Jigsaw Classroom -- Non-Experimental Research: Engaging and Persisting in Volunteerism -- Non-Experimental Research: Impacts of Post-Secondary Education on Inmate Recidivism Rates, an Action Research Study -- Can We Afford Not to Do Applied Research? -- Illustration: Living Downwind of Nuclear Reactors -- Conducting Research in Community Settings -- Cultural Issues -- Control of Extraneous Factors, Statistical and Otherwise -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Part II: Research Approaches in Social Relations Research -- Chapter 7: Measurement and Reliability -- From Abstract Concepts to Concrete Representations -- Constructs -- Variables -- Operational Definitions -- Operational Definitions Are Necessary but Rarely Sufficient -- Definitional Operationism -- Measurement Presupposes a Clearly Defined Construct -- Developing Questionnaire Items -- Questions Aimed at Facts -- Questions Aimed at Beliefs or Attitudes -- Questions Aimed at Friendship Patterns and Attitudes toward Specific Others -- Questions Aimed at Behavior -- Question Content: General Issues -- Question Structure -- Expressing All Alternatives -- Avoiding Unwarranted Assumptions -- Open-Ended versus Closed-Ended Questions -- Response Options for Closed-Ended Questions -- Filters and the Assessment of No Opinion -- Question Sequence -- Sequence within a Topic Area -- Item Wording for Sensitive Questions -- Creating Multiple-Item Scales -- Issues Concerning Item Construction in Multiple-Item Scales -- Levels of Measurement -- Nominal.

Ordinal -- Interval -- Ratio -- Types of Multiple-Item Scales -- Differential Scales -- Cumulative Scales -- Summated Scales -- Semantic Differential Scales -- Reliability and Sources of Unreliability -- Test-Retest Reliability -- Internal Consistency Reliability -- Inter-Rater Reliability -- Factors that Affect Reliability -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8: Evaluating the Construct Validity of Measures -- Using Multiple Methods of Measurement -- Indirect Methods of Measurement -- Collateral Reports -- Observation -- Physiological Measures -- Other Indirect Methods -- Summary -- Evaluating Construct Validity -- Face Validity -- Content Validity -- Criterion Validity -- Convergent Validity -- Discriminant Validity -- Validity and the Nomological Net -- The Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix -- Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses -- Cultural Issues in Measurement -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Sampling Methods -- Some Basic Definitions and Concepts -- Nonprobability Sampling -- Haphazard Samples -- Quota Samples -- Purposive Samples -- Snowball Samples -- Concluding Thoughts about Nonprobability Sampling -- Probability Sampling -- Simple Random Samples -- Selecting a Random Sample -- Obtaining and Using Random Numbers -- Principles Underlying the Use of Probability Sampling -- Common Errors in Random Sampling -- Stratified Random Sampling -- Cluster Sampling -- Sampling Error -- Random Digit Dial (RDD) Telephone Sampling -- Sampling Elements Other Than People -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Randomized Experiments -- Controlling and Manipulating Variables -- Random Assignment -- Independent Variables that Vary Within and Between Participants -- Threats to Internal Validity -- Selection -- Maturation -- History.

Instrumentation -- Mortality -- Selection by Maturation -- Illustrating Threats to Internal Validity with a Research Example -- Selection -- Selection by Maturation -- Maturation -- History -- Instrumentation -- Mortality -- Construct Validity of Independent Variables in a Randomized Experiment -- Alternative Experimental Designs -- Design 1: Randomized Two-Group Design -- Design 2: Pretest-Posttest Two-Group Design -- Design 3: Solomon Four-Group Design -- Design 4: Between-Participants Factorial Design -- Repeated Measures Designs -- Analyzing Data from Experimental Designs -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Randomized Experiments -- Experimental Artifacts -- External Validity -- The Problem of College Sophomores in the Laboratory -- The Failure of Experiments to Provide Useful Descriptive Data -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11: Quasi-Experimental and Other Nonrandomized Designs -- Examples of Nonrandomized Designs -- Survey Study -- Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study -- Conditions for Causality -- Illustrative Nonrandomized Designs -- Static-Group Comparison Design -- Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design -- One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design -- Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Replicated Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Single Case/Single Subject Designs -- Regression Effects: Challenges of Matching in Quasi-Experimentation -- Regression Discontinuity Analysis -- Propensity Score Matching -- Summary -- Key Concepts -- On the Web -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: Non-Experimental Research -- Types of Non-Experimental Research -- Causal Thinking and Correlational Data -- Analyzing Non-Experimental Quantitative Data -- Longitudinal Panel Designs -- Naturalness in Research -- Benefits and Costs of Naturalness -- When Might We Not Need Natural Settings? -- Observational Research.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.