Central America Urbanization Review : Making Cities Work for Central America.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Why Does Urbanization Matter for Central America? -- How Urbanization Is Transforming Central America (Chapter 1) -- Cities Are Where Central America's Most Pressing Development Challenges Need to Be Addressed -- Policy Priorities: How to Leverage Cities to Unlock Central America's Development Potential -- Managing Cities and Agglomerations: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Planning and Service Delivery (Chapter 2) -- Making Cities Inclusive by Improving Access to Adequate and Well-Located Housing (Chapter 3) -- Making Cities Resilient to Reduce Central America's Vulnerability to Natural Disasters (Chapter 4) -- Making Cities Competitive to Create More and Better Jobs (Chapter 5) -- Who Does What? The Role of the National and Local Governments in Addressing the Policy Priorities -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 How Urbanization Is Transforming Central America -- Overview -- Toward an Urban Central America: Why Does Urbanization Matter for the Region? -- Understanding the Speed and Spread of Urbanization in Central America -- Due to Rapid Urbanization, Cities Are Increasingly Concentrating the Region's Most Pressing Challenges-But Also the Opportunities for Development -- Cities Can Help to Boost Livability in Central America by Providing Solutions to the Region's Most Pressing Challenges -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Managing Cities and Agglomerations: Strengthening Institutions for Effective Planning and Service Delivery -- Overview -- Improving City Management in an Increasingly Urban Central America -- The Central Role of Municipalities in City Management -- Managing Agglomerations through Intermunicipal Coordinating Mechanisms -- Municipal Finances in Central America.

Priorities for Leveraging the Potential of Central American Cities: Strengthening Municipalities for Efficient City Management -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Making Cities Inclusive by Improving Access to Adequate and Well-Located Housing -- Overview -- The Role of Housing for Central America's Urban Future -- Taking Stock: The Delivery of Formal and Informal Housing -- Building from the Ground Up: Housing Value Chains -- Enabling Ownership: Government Involvement in Housing -- A Way Forward: Housing as a Catalyst for Urban Prosperity -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Making Cities Resilient to Reduce Central America's Vulnerability to Natural Disasters -- Overview -- Disaster Risk in Central America -- Enabling Factors for DRM and Urban Resilience -- Moving Forward in Building Resilient Cities -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Making Cities Competitive to Create More and Better Jobs -- Overview -- Why Local Economic Development Matters for Central America -- Improving Competitiveness Is Critical to Sustain Economic Growth in Central America -- Building on Local Economic Development: Lessons from Global Competitive Cities -- What Central American Cities Can Do -- How to Do It? Priorities for Developing LED Policies in Central America -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Measuring Economic Activity from Outer Space -- Box 2.1 COAMSS in El Salvador -- Box 2.2 Interjurisdictional Coordination in Colombia: Law of Territorial Planning -- Box 2.3 Performance-Based Programs: International Experiences -- Box 2.4 Municipal Performance Ranking in Guatemala -- Box 2.5 Metropolitan Governance Arrangements from around the World -- Box 3.1 Methodology and Data Sources -- Box 3.2 Colombia: Tools for Linking Planning with Infrastructure Finance -- Box 3.3 Slum Upgrading: The Case of FUNDASAL in El Salvador.

Box 3.4 Extending Housing Finance to the Urban Poor -- Box 3.5 Access to Housing through Subsidies -- Box 3.6 Linking Housing Subsidies with Urban Growth -- Box 3.7 United States: Improving Coordination for Affordable Housing Provision -- Box 4.1 Building Risk Information for Decision Making: The Development of the Country Disaster Risk Profiles for Central America -- Box 4.2 El Salvador: Linking Local Development and Disaster Risk Planning Tools -- Box 4.3 Updating the Regulatory and Methodological Frameworks for Implementation of Risk-Sensitive Local Land Use Plans in Panama -- Box 4.4 Integrating DRM Considerations into the Review Process of Investment Projects in Costa Rica -- Box 4.5 Disaster Risks as a Planning Tool to Support Development Planning in Mancomunidad del Sur in Guatemala -- Box 4.6 The First Mayan City in the 21st Century: A Preventive Resettlement Experience in Guatemala -- Box 4.7 Panama Leads the Way in the Region toward an Integral DRFI Strategy -- Box 4.8 Central American Probabilistic Risk Assessment Program -- Box 4.9 Promoting Data Sharing and Interinstitutional Collaboration: The Case of the DRM GeoNode in Panama -- Box 5.1 Competitive Cities Drive Job Growth and Increase Income and Productivity -- Box 5.2 The Case of Aeroman: Local Partnership for Skills Improvement -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Urban Population Growth of Central American Countries Is High When Compared with Countries at Similar Levels of Urbanization -- Figure O.2 Financial Weight of Municipalities in Central American Countries -- Figure O.3 Reforming Housing for Growth and Inclusion -- Figure 1.1 Central America Is the Second-Fastest Urbanizing Region in the World -- Figure 1.2 Urbanization Has Come at Different Moments in Time for Countries in the Region.

Figure 1.3 Urban Population Growth Is Above Average Compared with Countries at Similar Levels of Urbanization -- Figure 1.4 Urbanization in the Region Is Not Driven Only by the Main Urban Agglomerations -- Figure 1.5 Population in Largest Cities, Urban Agglomerations vs. Official Urban Boundaries -- Figure 1.6  Distribution of the Urban Population by Size of Agglomeration, 2012 -- Figure 1.7 Built-Up Areas Are Expanding at a Faster Rate Than the Population -- Figure 1.8 Countries with Higher Levels of Urbanization Experience a Higher Income per Capita -- Figure 1.9 As Countries Urbanize, the Sectoral Composition of the Economy Changes toward a Service-Based Economy -- Figure 1.10 Service Exports Are Not Driven by Knowledge-Intensive Services -- Figure 1.11 Manufacturing Exports Are Driven by Low-Technology Products, Except in Costa Rica -- Figure 1.12 Poverty Incidence Is Declining in Urban Areas, although the Number of Poor Is Growing with Urbanization -- Figure 1.13 Homicide Rates per 100,000 People in Central America, 2000-2012/13, by Country -- Figure 1.14 Average Losses Due to Extreme Weather Events -- Figure 1.15 Dependency Ratios Will Reach a Historic Low in the Next 20 Years -- Figure 2.1 Total Revenue by Level of Government in Central America as a Percentage of GDP, 2012 -- Figure 2.2 Total Revenue per Capita by Level of Government in US PPP, 2012 -- Figure 2.3 Total Income of Capital City Municipalities in Central America by Source, 2013 -- Figure 2.4 Own Income by Source of Capital City Municipalities in Central America, 2013 -- Figure 2.5 Total Expenditures of Capital City Municipalities in Central America by Type, 2013 -- Figure B2.3.1 Performance-Based Program Overall Scheme -- Figure 3.1 Share of Urban Dwellers in Slums, 2005-09, and GNI per Capita, 2014 -- Figure 3.2 A Continuum of Informality in Housing.

Figure 3.3 Supply and Demand Value Chains for Formal Housing Delivery -- Figure 3.4 Coverage of Urban Infrastructure for Bottom Income Quintiles, 2009-13 -- Figure 3.5 Selected Access to Finance Indicators, 2014 -- Figure 3.6 Total Outstanding Mortgages as a Percentage of GDP -- Figure 3.7 Estimated Housing Affordability Gap for Mortgage Finance Based on Low or Undocumented Income, Select Cities, 2011 -- Figure 3.8 Improving Housing Delivery across Income Groups -- Figure 4.1 Number of Events per Hazard in Central America -- Figure 4.2 Damages and Losses Provoked by Selected Floods, Tropical Storms (TS), and Earthquakes (EQ) in Central America -- Figure 4.3 Country Disaster Risk Profile Building Characteristics-External Wall Distribution of Dwellings in Central America -- Figure 4.4 Urban and Rural Annual Average Loss in 2015 for Earthquakes (EQ) and Hurricanes (HU) in Central America -- Figure B4.7.1 Layered Financing Strategy for Disasters Associated with the Impact of Natural Hazards -- Figure 5.1 Growth Rates Needed to Achieve the Benchmark in GDP per Capita and Gini in 2030 for Latin American Countries -- Figure 5.2 The Different Economic Structures and Needs of Cities at Different Levels of Income -- Figure 5.3 Competitive Cities Know Their Own Competencies Relative to Other Stakeholders, and Prioritize Their Efforts Accordingly -- Figure 5.4 Ease of Doing Business in Central America -- Maps -- Map O.1 Identified Urban Agglomerations in Central America -- Map O.2 Official Municipal and Metropolitan Boundaries Compared with Urban Agglomerations -- Map O.3 CDRP Building Exposure Model for Panama City, Panama -- Map 1.1 Looking at Urban Agglomerations beyond Administrative Boundaries in Central America -- Map 1.2 Intermediate Cities Are Growing at High Speeds, but Large Agglomerations' Growth Rates Are below National Averages.

Map 1.3  Official Municipal and Metropolitan Boundaries Compared with Urban Agglomerations.

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