The Inevitable Pipeline into Exile : Botswana�s Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Beyond the Confines of the Nation: Another Dimension of Liberation Politics in Southern Africa. An Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Introduction -- 1. Research Overview and Theoretical Framework -- Current Research. An overview -- Room for manoeuvre? A theoretical framework -- Determinants for the degree of support -- Criteria for a well-founded analysis -- About the concept of sovereignty -- Validity of approaches of International Relations Theory -- 2. Historical Basis -- Botswana -- The Bechuanaland Protectorate -- The incorporation issue -- The Seretse Khama Affair -- Developments in the first years after independence -- Botswana's geopolitical and economic situation -- Room for manoeuvre or dependence? -- Political freedom for the Bechuanaland Protectorate -- Political freedom for the Republic of Botswana -- Namibia -- An outline of historical developments in South West Africa -- The Namibian liberation struggle -- SWANU -- SWAPO -- Co-operation across the border -- Botswana's Ovaherero -- Co-operation in an international context -- 3. Methodology -- Archival studies -- British National Archives -- Botswana National Archives -- Interviews -- Oral history -- Selection of interviewees -- Design of the interviews -- Evaluation of the interviews -- 4. Government Attitude -- General policies in the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Botswana -- General refugee policy -- General policy towards the liberation movements -- Immigration and refugee legislation -- Bechuanaland Protectorate -- Botswana -- The Namibia question and international relations -- The Rhodesias -- Zambia -- The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) -- UN Council for Namibia -- The South African neighbour -- Pressure from South Africa and Botswana's reaction -- Violation of Botswana's territory -- Conclusion.

5. The Role of Residents and Organisations in Botswana -- Botswana's Ovaherero -- Mbanderu activities in Ngamiland -- Chief Munjuku -- Daniel Munamava -- Help from the Herero communities -- The Ovaherero in western Botswana -- The Ovaherero of Mahalapye -- The question of the Herero chieftainship -- Political and ethnic cleavages -- Recruitments in Botswana -- Support from the Batswana and others -- Political parties -- Bechuanaland People's Party (BPP) -- Botswana Independence Party (BIP) -- Botswana National Front (BNF) -- Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) -- The Namibian liberation struggle in Botswana's domestic politics -- International aid agencies and welfare organisations -- The attitude towards the welfare organisations in Bechuanaland and Botswana -- The assistance of the various organisations and agencies -- Conclusion -- 6. SWANU -- SWANU's structures on the way to exile -- Motives for leaving Namibia -- The route into exile -- The organisation of SWANU in Botswana -- Daniel Munamava as a representative -- SWANU's "agents" in Botswana -- SWANU activities in Botswana -- Propaganda in Ngamiland -- Botswana: A meeting place for External Council and National Executive -- Consultation with the National Executive in 1964 -- A mission in 1966 -- SWANU refugees: The second wave -- A build-up of SWANU refugees -- Representatives of the "second wave" group -- The protracted stay of the SWANU refugees -- Attempts to launch an armed struggle -- Plans of the External Council -- The Revolutionary Council -- Conclusion -- 7. SWAPO -- SWAPO's structures on the way to exile -- Preparation for exile -- The route into exile -- The way to Botswana -- The WENELA option -- SWAPO refugees in Botswana -- SWAPO's structures in Botswana -- SWAPO representatives in Francistown -- Maxton Joseph Mutongulume -- Gideon Kasheta -- Luckeyel Baki "Lucky" Shoopala.

SWAPO representatives in Botswana up until Namibian independence -- SWAPO: Active on Botswana's territory -- Organisation from Botswana -- Problems created by the presence of freedom fighters and refugees -- A training camp in Botswana: A brief illusion -- SWAPO's relations with SWANU in Botswana -- Conclusion -- 8. The Makunda Refugees and Nudo -- Mburumba Kerina -- Kerina's situation after his expulsion from SWAPO -- Kerina and his movements -- Preparations for the movement -- Bechuanaland -- Namibia -- The movement -- The movement and the sudden stop -- British reaction -- The plight of the Herero group -- Efforts to move on -- The involvement of SWAPO and SWANU in the Makunda case -- Relations with tribal leaders -- Consequences of the protracted stay in Botswana -- A last attempt -- The continuing presence in Makunda -- The question of resettlement -- Conclusion -- 9. Conclusion -- The impact of the territory and its people -- The Bechuanaland Protectorate -- Botswana -- Action alternatives -- Mozambique -- Malawi -- Botswana's approach in light of the presented alternatives -- Current relations between Namibia and Botswana -- The overall relevance of this book -- Final remarks -- Appendix -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Maps and Photographs -- Sources -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back cover.

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