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Video Atlas of Spine Surgery.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: New York : Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated, 2020Copyright date: ©2020Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (250 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781684200061
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Video Atlas of Spine SurgeryDDC classification:
  • 617.56059000000005
LOC classification:
  • RD768 .A5 2020
Online resources:
Contents:
Video Atlas of Spine Surgery -- MedOne Information -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Videos -- Foreword -- Contributors -- 1 Physical Examination -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.2.1 Degenerative Spine Disorders -- 1.2.2 Spinal Deformity -- 1.3 Physical Examination -- 1.3.1 Inspection -- 1.3.2 Palpation -- 1.3.3 Movement -- 1.3.4 Neurological Examination -- 1.3.5 Special Tests -- Suggested Readings -- 2 Patient Positioning-Spine Surgery -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anterior Cervical Spine Positioning -- 2.3 Anterior Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.4 Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.5 Posterior Cervical -- 2.6 Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.7 Board-style Questions -- 3 Cervical Radiculopathy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History and Examination -- 3.2.1 Differential Diagnosis -- 3.2.2 Diagnostic Imaging -- 3.2.3 Treatments -- 3.2.4 Outcomes -- 3.3 Case Examples -- 3.3.1 Case 1 -- 3.3.2 Case 2 -- 3.4 Board-style Questions -- Suggested Readings -- 4 Cervical Myelopathy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History -- 4.3 Physical Examination -- 4.4 Differential Diagnosis -- 4.5 Diagnostic Imaging -- 4.6 Treatment -- 4.7 Outcomes -- 4.8 Case Examples -- 4.8.1 Case 1 -- 4.8.2 Case 2 -- 4.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- 5 Intervertebral Disc: Form, Biomechanics, Biology, and Pathology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.2.1 Disc Morphology and Composition -- 5.2.2 Extracellular Matrix of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.2.3 Disc Biomechanics -- 5.2.4 Nutrient Supply to the Disc -- 5.3 Development of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.3.1 Embryology of the Disc -- 5.3.2 Ontogeny of Disc Cells -- 5.4 Unique Biology of Intervertebral Disc Cells -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 5.6 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings.
6 Degenerative Disc Disease and the Herniated Nucleus Pulposus -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pathogenesis of Disc Degeneration -- 6.3 Nomenclature of the Herniated Nucleus Pulposus -- 6.4 Clinical Presentation of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease and HNP -- 6.5 Imaging -- 6.6 Treatment of DDD -- 6.7 Treatments of Lumbar HNP -- 6.8 Case Examples -- 6.8.1 Case 1 -- 6.8.2 Case 2 -- 6.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- 7 Lumbar Spinal Stenosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pathogenesis -- 7.3 Clinical Presentation -- 7.4 Imaging Findings -- 7.5 Treatment -- 7.6 Expected Outcomes -- 7.7 Complications -- 7.8 Case Examples -- 7.8.1 Case 1 -- 7.8.2 Case 2 -- 7.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 8 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Demographics -- 8.2 Pathogenesis -- 8.3 Clinical Presentation -- 8.3.1 Clinical Findings -- 8.4 Imaging Findings -- 8.5 Classification Systems -- 8.5.1 Wiltse Classification -- 8.5.2 Meyerding Classification -- 8.6 Treatment -- 8.6.1 Nonoperative Treatment -- 8.6.2 Indications for Surgery -- 8.6.3 Surgical Options -- 8.6.4 Postoperative Care -- 8.6.5 Expected Outcomes -- 8.7 Case Examples -- 8.7.1 Case 1 -- 8.7.2 Case 2 -- 8.7.3 Case 3 -- 8.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 9 Spinal Cord Injury -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spinal Cord Anatomy -- 9.3 Presentation -- 9.4 Injury Types -- 9.5 Surgical Intervention and Timing -- 9.6 Penetrating Injury -- 9.7 Imaging -- 9.8 Steroids -- 9.9 Venous Thromboembolism -- 9.10 Future Directions -- 9.11 Case Examples -- 9.11.1 Case 1 -- 9.11.2 Case 2 -- 9.12 Board-style Questions -- References -- 10 Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.1 Introduction to Demographics and Epidemiology/Prevalence -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 Demographics and Mechanisms of Injury -- 10.2 Clinical Anatomy -- 10.2.1 Anatomy of the Upper Cervical Spine.
10.2.2 Anatomy of the Lower Cervical Spine -- 10.3 Radiology -- 10.4 Clinical Presentation and Initial Management -- 10.5 Classification and Treatment -- 10.5.1 Upper Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.5.2 Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.6 Surgical Techniques -- 10.6.1 Atlantoaxial fixation -- 10.6.2 C2 Fixation Options -- 10.6.3 Lateral Mass Screws -- 10.7 Case Examples -- 10.7.1 Case 1 -- 10.7.2 Case 2 -- References -- 11 Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries -- 11.1 Introduction, Demographics, and Epidemiology/Prevalence -- 11.2 Functional Anatomy -- 11.3 Mechanisms of Injury -- 11.3.1 Axial Compression -- 11.3.2 Extension/Flexion/Distraction -- 11.3.3 Rotational -- 11.3.4 Shear -- 11.3.5 Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina Syndromes -- 11.4 Clinical Presentation and Initial Evaluation -- 11.5 Imaging Modalities and Findings -- 11.5.1 Standard Radiographs (X-ray) -- 11.5.2 Computed Tomography (CT) -- 11.5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 11.5.4 CT-Myelography (for those with Contraindications to MRI) -- 11.6 Classification Systems -- 11.6.1 AO Classification System -- 11.6.2 Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS) -- 11.6.3 AOSpine Injury Score -- 11.6.4 Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: The ASIA Impairment Scale -- 11.7 Treatment -- 11.7.1 Conservative Treatment -- 11.7.2 Indication for Surgery -- 11.7.3 Surgical Options with Advantages/Disadvantages of Each Option -- 11.7.4 Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care -- 11.7.5 Expected Outcomes (Based on Recent Literature) -- 11.8 Pearls -- 11.8.1 Cauda Equina (CES) and Conus Medullaris Syndrome (CMS) -- 11.8.2 Osteoporotic Populations -- 11.8.3 Multiple Vertebral Fractures -- 11.8.4 Lack of High-Quality Scientific Evidence in Management -- 11.8.5 Consider the Patient Preference -- 11.8.6 Methylprednisone in the Setting of SCI -- 11.8.7 Neurogenic Shock.
11.8.8 If All Else Fails, Consider the Clinical Manifestations -- 11.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 12 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 History and Examination -- 12.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 12.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 12.5 Classification -- 12.6 Treatment -- 12.6.1 Bracing -- 12.6.2 Surgical Treatment -- 12.7 Case Examples -- 12.7.1 Case 1 -- 12.7.2 Case 2 -- 12.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 13 Adult Degenerative Scoliosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 History and Examination -- 13.3 Extraspinal Differential Diagnosis -- 13.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 13.5 Treatment -- 13.5.1 Nonsurgical Treatment Options -- 13.5.2 Surgical Treatment Options -- 13.6 Outcomes -- 13.7 Case Example -- References -- 14 Kyphosis and Sagittal Plane Deformities of the Thoracolumbar Spine -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 History and Examination -- 14.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 14.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 14.5 Treatments -- 14.6 Outcomes and Complications -- 14.7 Case Examples -- 14.7.1 Case 1 -- 14.7.2 Case 2 -- 14.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 15 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 History and Physical Examination -- 15.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 15.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 15.5 Classification -- 15.6 Treatment and Outcomes -- 15.7 Case Examples -- 15.7.1 Case 1 -- 15.7.2 Case 2 -- 15.7.3 Case 3 -- 15.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 16 Spinal Infections -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Spinal Epidural Abscess (SEA) -- 16.2.1 Pathogenesis -- 16.2.2 Clinical Presentation -- 16.2.3 Diagnosis -- 16.2.4 Treatment -- 16.3 Vertebral Discitis and Osteomyelitis -- 16.3.1 Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- 16.3.2 Granulomatous Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- 16.4 Case Examples -- 16.4.1 Case 1 -- 16.4.2 Case 2 -- 16.4.3 Case 3 -- 16.5 Board-style Questions -- References.
17 Inflammatory Spinal Disorders -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis -- 17.2.1 History and Examination -- 17.2.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.2.4 Treatment -- 17.3 Enteropathic, Psoriatic, and Reactive Arthritis -- 17.3.1 History and Examination -- 17.3.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.3.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.3.4 Treatment -- 17.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 17.4.1 History and Examination -- 17.4.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.4.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.4.4 Treatment -- 17.5 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis -- 17.5.1 History and Examination -- 17.5.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.5.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.5.4 Treatment -- 17.6 Paget's Disease -- 17.6.1 History and Examination -- 17.6.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.6.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.6.4 Treatment -- 17.7 Other Inflammatory Spine Disorders -- 17.7.1 Oligoarthritis -- 17.7.2 Gout and Pseudogout -- 17.7.3 Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome -- 17.7.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) -- 17.7.5 Additional Inflammatory Disorders -- 17.8 Conclusion -- 17.9 Case Examples -- 17.9.1 Case 1 -- 17.9.2 Case 2 -- 17.9.3 Case 3 -- 17.9.4 Case 4 -- 17.9.5 Case 5 -- 17.9.6 Case 6 -- 17.9.7 Case 7 -- 17.10 Board-style Questions -- References -- 18 Management of Early Onset Scoliosis -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 History and Examination -- 18.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 18.4 Treatments -- 18.5 Outcomes -- 18.6 Case Example -- 18.7 Board-style Questions -- References -- 19 Thoracic Disc Disorders -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Pathogenesis -- 19.3 Clinical Presentation -- 19.4 Imaging Findings -- 19.5 Classification Systems -- 19.6 Treatment -- 19.6.1 Conservative Treatment -- 19.6.2 Indications for Surgery -- 19.6.3 Surgical Considerations -- 19.6.4 Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care -- 19.7 Outcomes -- 19.8 Case Example.
19.9 Board-style Questions.
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Video Atlas of Spine Surgery -- MedOne Information -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Videos -- Foreword -- Contributors -- 1 Physical Examination -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.2.1 Degenerative Spine Disorders -- 1.2.2 Spinal Deformity -- 1.3 Physical Examination -- 1.3.1 Inspection -- 1.3.2 Palpation -- 1.3.3 Movement -- 1.3.4 Neurological Examination -- 1.3.5 Special Tests -- Suggested Readings -- 2 Patient Positioning-Spine Surgery -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anterior Cervical Spine Positioning -- 2.3 Anterior Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.4 Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.5 Posterior Cervical -- 2.6 Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Positioning -- 2.7 Board-style Questions -- 3 Cervical Radiculopathy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History and Examination -- 3.2.1 Differential Diagnosis -- 3.2.2 Diagnostic Imaging -- 3.2.3 Treatments -- 3.2.4 Outcomes -- 3.3 Case Examples -- 3.3.1 Case 1 -- 3.3.2 Case 2 -- 3.4 Board-style Questions -- Suggested Readings -- 4 Cervical Myelopathy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History -- 4.3 Physical Examination -- 4.4 Differential Diagnosis -- 4.5 Diagnostic Imaging -- 4.6 Treatment -- 4.7 Outcomes -- 4.8 Case Examples -- 4.8.1 Case 1 -- 4.8.2 Case 2 -- 4.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- 5 Intervertebral Disc: Form, Biomechanics, Biology, and Pathology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.2.1 Disc Morphology and Composition -- 5.2.2 Extracellular Matrix of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.2.3 Disc Biomechanics -- 5.2.4 Nutrient Supply to the Disc -- 5.3 Development of the Intervertebral Disc -- 5.3.1 Embryology of the Disc -- 5.3.2 Ontogeny of Disc Cells -- 5.4 Unique Biology of Intervertebral Disc Cells -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 5.6 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings.

6 Degenerative Disc Disease and the Herniated Nucleus Pulposus -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pathogenesis of Disc Degeneration -- 6.3 Nomenclature of the Herniated Nucleus Pulposus -- 6.4 Clinical Presentation of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease and HNP -- 6.5 Imaging -- 6.6 Treatment of DDD -- 6.7 Treatments of Lumbar HNP -- 6.8 Case Examples -- 6.8.1 Case 1 -- 6.8.2 Case 2 -- 6.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- 7 Lumbar Spinal Stenosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pathogenesis -- 7.3 Clinical Presentation -- 7.4 Imaging Findings -- 7.5 Treatment -- 7.6 Expected Outcomes -- 7.7 Complications -- 7.8 Case Examples -- 7.8.1 Case 1 -- 7.8.2 Case 2 -- 7.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 8 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Demographics -- 8.2 Pathogenesis -- 8.3 Clinical Presentation -- 8.3.1 Clinical Findings -- 8.4 Imaging Findings -- 8.5 Classification Systems -- 8.5.1 Wiltse Classification -- 8.5.2 Meyerding Classification -- 8.6 Treatment -- 8.6.1 Nonoperative Treatment -- 8.6.2 Indications for Surgery -- 8.6.3 Surgical Options -- 8.6.4 Postoperative Care -- 8.6.5 Expected Outcomes -- 8.7 Case Examples -- 8.7.1 Case 1 -- 8.7.2 Case 2 -- 8.7.3 Case 3 -- 8.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 9 Spinal Cord Injury -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spinal Cord Anatomy -- 9.3 Presentation -- 9.4 Injury Types -- 9.5 Surgical Intervention and Timing -- 9.6 Penetrating Injury -- 9.7 Imaging -- 9.8 Steroids -- 9.9 Venous Thromboembolism -- 9.10 Future Directions -- 9.11 Case Examples -- 9.11.1 Case 1 -- 9.11.2 Case 2 -- 9.12 Board-style Questions -- References -- 10 Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.1 Introduction to Demographics and Epidemiology/Prevalence -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 Demographics and Mechanisms of Injury -- 10.2 Clinical Anatomy -- 10.2.1 Anatomy of the Upper Cervical Spine.

10.2.2 Anatomy of the Lower Cervical Spine -- 10.3 Radiology -- 10.4 Clinical Presentation and Initial Management -- 10.5 Classification and Treatment -- 10.5.1 Upper Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.5.2 Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries -- 10.6 Surgical Techniques -- 10.6.1 Atlantoaxial fixation -- 10.6.2 C2 Fixation Options -- 10.6.3 Lateral Mass Screws -- 10.7 Case Examples -- 10.7.1 Case 1 -- 10.7.2 Case 2 -- References -- 11 Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries -- 11.1 Introduction, Demographics, and Epidemiology/Prevalence -- 11.2 Functional Anatomy -- 11.3 Mechanisms of Injury -- 11.3.1 Axial Compression -- 11.3.2 Extension/Flexion/Distraction -- 11.3.3 Rotational -- 11.3.4 Shear -- 11.3.5 Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina Syndromes -- 11.4 Clinical Presentation and Initial Evaluation -- 11.5 Imaging Modalities and Findings -- 11.5.1 Standard Radiographs (X-ray) -- 11.5.2 Computed Tomography (CT) -- 11.5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 11.5.4 CT-Myelography (for those with Contraindications to MRI) -- 11.6 Classification Systems -- 11.6.1 AO Classification System -- 11.6.2 Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS) -- 11.6.3 AOSpine Injury Score -- 11.6.4 Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: The ASIA Impairment Scale -- 11.7 Treatment -- 11.7.1 Conservative Treatment -- 11.7.2 Indication for Surgery -- 11.7.3 Surgical Options with Advantages/Disadvantages of Each Option -- 11.7.4 Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care -- 11.7.5 Expected Outcomes (Based on Recent Literature) -- 11.8 Pearls -- 11.8.1 Cauda Equina (CES) and Conus Medullaris Syndrome (CMS) -- 11.8.2 Osteoporotic Populations -- 11.8.3 Multiple Vertebral Fractures -- 11.8.4 Lack of High-Quality Scientific Evidence in Management -- 11.8.5 Consider the Patient Preference -- 11.8.6 Methylprednisone in the Setting of SCI -- 11.8.7 Neurogenic Shock.

11.8.8 If All Else Fails, Consider the Clinical Manifestations -- 11.9 Board-style Questions -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 12 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 History and Examination -- 12.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 12.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 12.5 Classification -- 12.6 Treatment -- 12.6.1 Bracing -- 12.6.2 Surgical Treatment -- 12.7 Case Examples -- 12.7.1 Case 1 -- 12.7.2 Case 2 -- 12.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 13 Adult Degenerative Scoliosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 History and Examination -- 13.3 Extraspinal Differential Diagnosis -- 13.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 13.5 Treatment -- 13.5.1 Nonsurgical Treatment Options -- 13.5.2 Surgical Treatment Options -- 13.6 Outcomes -- 13.7 Case Example -- References -- 14 Kyphosis and Sagittal Plane Deformities of the Thoracolumbar Spine -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 History and Examination -- 14.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 14.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 14.5 Treatments -- 14.6 Outcomes and Complications -- 14.7 Case Examples -- 14.7.1 Case 1 -- 14.7.2 Case 2 -- 14.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 15 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 History and Physical Examination -- 15.3 Differential Diagnosis -- 15.4 Diagnostic Imaging -- 15.5 Classification -- 15.6 Treatment and Outcomes -- 15.7 Case Examples -- 15.7.1 Case 1 -- 15.7.2 Case 2 -- 15.7.3 Case 3 -- 15.8 Board-style Questions -- References -- 16 Spinal Infections -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Spinal Epidural Abscess (SEA) -- 16.2.1 Pathogenesis -- 16.2.2 Clinical Presentation -- 16.2.3 Diagnosis -- 16.2.4 Treatment -- 16.3 Vertebral Discitis and Osteomyelitis -- 16.3.1 Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- 16.3.2 Granulomatous Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- 16.4 Case Examples -- 16.4.1 Case 1 -- 16.4.2 Case 2 -- 16.4.3 Case 3 -- 16.5 Board-style Questions -- References.

17 Inflammatory Spinal Disorders -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis -- 17.2.1 History and Examination -- 17.2.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.2.4 Treatment -- 17.3 Enteropathic, Psoriatic, and Reactive Arthritis -- 17.3.1 History and Examination -- 17.3.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.3.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.3.4 Treatment -- 17.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 17.4.1 History and Examination -- 17.4.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.4.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.4.4 Treatment -- 17.5 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis -- 17.5.1 History and Examination -- 17.5.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.5.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.5.4 Treatment -- 17.6 Paget's Disease -- 17.6.1 History and Examination -- 17.6.2 Differential Diagnosis -- 17.6.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 17.6.4 Treatment -- 17.7 Other Inflammatory Spine Disorders -- 17.7.1 Oligoarthritis -- 17.7.2 Gout and Pseudogout -- 17.7.3 Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome -- 17.7.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) -- 17.7.5 Additional Inflammatory Disorders -- 17.8 Conclusion -- 17.9 Case Examples -- 17.9.1 Case 1 -- 17.9.2 Case 2 -- 17.9.3 Case 3 -- 17.9.4 Case 4 -- 17.9.5 Case 5 -- 17.9.6 Case 6 -- 17.9.7 Case 7 -- 17.10 Board-style Questions -- References -- 18 Management of Early Onset Scoliosis -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 History and Examination -- 18.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 18.4 Treatments -- 18.5 Outcomes -- 18.6 Case Example -- 18.7 Board-style Questions -- References -- 19 Thoracic Disc Disorders -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Pathogenesis -- 19.3 Clinical Presentation -- 19.4 Imaging Findings -- 19.5 Classification Systems -- 19.6 Treatment -- 19.6.1 Conservative Treatment -- 19.6.2 Indications for Surgery -- 19.6.3 Surgical Considerations -- 19.6.4 Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care -- 19.7 Outcomes -- 19.8 Case Example.

19.9 Board-style Questions.

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