Navigating English Grammar : A Guide to Analyzing Real Language.

Intro -- Navigating English Grammar: A Guide to Analyzing Real Language -- Copyright -- Brief Contents -- Contents -- Preface -- Goals of the Book -- Organization of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- 1 What is Grammar and How Do We Study It? -- Introduction -- What is English? Language Change and Variation -- What is Grammar? Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar -- Origins of Prescriptive Grammar -- The Components of Grammar -- Syntax -- Morphology -- Semantics -- Phonetics and phonology -- The Scientific Study of Language -- Exercises -- 1. Language change -- 2. Global English -- 3. American dialects -- 4. Pet peeves -- 5. "Error" correction -- 6. Syntactic intuitions -- 7. New words -- 8. Accents and stereotypes -- 9. Standard English -- Note -- References -- 2 Nouns -- Introduction -- Semantic Features of Nouns -- Abstract and concrete -- Common and proper -- Count and mass -- Collective nouns -- Generic nouns -- Noun Morphology -- Inflectional affixation -- Plurals -- Possessives -- Derivational affixation -- Other ways we form nouns -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Abstract and concrete -- 2. Proper and common -- 3. Proper (noun) punctuation -- 4. Semantic features of nouns -- 5. Subject-verb agreement -- 6. Weird plurals -- 7. Nominalize -- 8. Noun formation -- 9. Practice -- Reference -- 3 Noun Phrases -- Introduction -- Categories that Precede Nouns -- Determiners -- Noun phrases without determiners -- Numerals -- Quantifiers -- Order of D, NUM, and Q -- Partitive, Measure, and Collective Noun Phrases -- Possessive Noun Phrases -- NP or N: pronoun substitution -- Modifiers of Nouns -- Adjectives that modify nouns -- Nouns that modify nouns -- Verbs that modify nouns -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Determiner, Quantifier, Numeral, or possessive NP -- 2. Diagramming NPs -- 3. The is definitely complicated.

4. Measure, collective, and partitive NPs -- 5. Verb agreement and partitives -- 6. Pronouns and antecedents -- 7. Noun, verb, or adjective? -- 8. The good, the bad, and the ugly -- 9. What's missing? -- 10. Practice -- Note -- References -- 4 Verbs -- Introduction -- Main Verbs -- Main Verb Morphology -- Derivational affixation and other ways we form verbs -- Inflectional affixation -- Infinitives -- Present tense -- Past tense -- Past tense variation -- Present and past participles -- Past participle variation -- Suppletion -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Verb forms -- 2. Verb forms (group or individual exercise) -- 3. Language variation and verb forms -- 4. Quiz your friends -- 5. Practice -- 5 Verb Phrases -- Introduction -- Auxiliary Verbs -- Morphology of have and be -- Auxiliary have and be -- Main verb have and be -- Auxiliary be -- Main verb be -- Verb strings with auxiliary have and be -- Modals -- Modal meaning -- Modal morphology and tense -- Semi-modals -- Future tense -- Verb strings with auxiliaries and modals -- Aspect -- Progressive aspect -- Perfect aspect -- Combining aspectual forms -- Habitual aspect -- Voice -- Direct objects and transitivity -- Thematic roles -- Passive voice -- The passive verb string -- Passive in writing -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Verb forms and verb strings -- 2. Thematic roles and passive -- 3. Middle voice -- 4. A passive puzzle -- 5. Another passive puzzle -- 6. Passives without be -- 7. Scientific writing: Passive voice -- 8. Passive in news headlines -- 9. Practice -- Note -- References -- 6 The Clause -- Introduction -- Clause Structure and the TENSE Position -- Subject-Auxiliary Inversion -- Auxiliary Do -- Do-insertion -- Subjects -- Non-agentive subjects -- Subjects of passive sentences -- Pleonastic subjects -- Tag Question Formation -- Negation -- A Final Puzzle: Main Verb Be -- Summary.

Exercises -- 1. Diagramming clauses -- 2. Finding subjects with SAI -- 3. Which do is it? -- 4. Which there is there ? -- 5. A restriction on existential there -- 6. Pleonastic it -- 7. Subjects and Tag Question Formation -- 8. Constraints on contraction -- 9. Practice -- Note -- 7 Adjectives -- Introduction -- Adjective Semantics -- Adjective Morphology -- Derivational affixation and other ways we form adjectives -- Participial adjectives -- Inflectional affixation: comparative and superlative adjectives -- Adjective Syntax -- Modifiers of adjectives -- The degree word test for adjectives -- Prenominal and postnominal adjective phrases -- Some interesting exceptions -- Adjective phrase subjective complements -- Other subjective complements: NP and PP -- Direct objects versus subjective complements -- The seem test for adjectives -- Restrictions on AP complements -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Color terms -- 2. Comparative and superlative -- 3. Adjective morphology -- 4. Nouns, adjectives, or verbs? -- 5. Participles again -- 6. Distinguishing direct objects from subjective complements -- 7. Adjective positions -- 8. Too and enough -- 9. Practice -- Note -- References -- 8 Adverbs -- Introduction -- Adverb Semantics -- Adverb Morphology -- Derivational affixation and other ways we form adverbs -- Flat adverbs -- Inflectional affixation -- Adverb Syntax -- Modifiers of adverbs -- Adverb phrase positions -- Adverb phrase modifiers -- Adverb phrase complements -- More on Modifiers -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Add an adverb -- 2. Adjective or adverb? -- 3. How are you? -- 4. Diagramming AdvP -- 5. Degree or adverb? -- 6. Finding adverb phrases -- 7. Deathly adverbs -- 8. Practice -- 9 Prepositions and Particles -- Introduction -- Preposition Semantics -- Preposition Morphology -- Preposition Syntax -- Complements of prepositions.

Objects of prepositions -- Other complements of prepositions -- Modifiers of prepositions -- Grammatical functions of prepositional phrases -- PP modifiers of nouns -- PP modifiers of verbs and clauses -- PPs as complements -- Indirect object complements -- Particles -- Semantics of particles -- Syntax of particles -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Finding prepositional phrases -- 2. Diagramming practice -- 3. PP modifiers -- 4. PP complements -- 5. Indirect Object Movement -- 6. Preposition or particle? -- 7. Passive and Indirect Object Movement -- 8. Practice -- 10 Independent, Coordinate, and Subordinate Clauses -- Introduction -- Independent Clauses -- Coordination -- Subordination -- Clauses and sentences -- Subordinate Clause Types -- A brief but important aside: sentence fragments -- Tensed clause complements -- Bare infinitival clause complements -- To-infinitive clause complements -- Participial clause complements -- Wh-clause complements -- Wh-movement -- Complementizers -- Clausal Subjects -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Finding clause types -- 2. Diagramming practice -- 3. Coordination -- 4. Coordination and ambiguity -- 5. Create your own sentences -- 6. Find the fragments -- 7. Wh-movement -- 8. Clause structure: Ernest Hemingway -- 9. Subordination: Zadie Smith and Jane Austen -- 10. Parataxis and hypotaxis -- 11. Independent clauses and punctuation -- 12. Practice -- 11 More on Complementation and Modification -- Introduction -- Complementation and Modification: A Brief Review -- Review of complements -- Complements of verbs -- Complements of adjectives -- Complements of prepositions -- Review of modifiers -- Modifiers of nouns -- Modifiers of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions -- Modifiers of verbs -- Movable Modifiers -- Movable PP modifiers -- Movable NP modifiers -- Movable AP modifiers -- Movable VP modifiers.

Movable clause modifiers -- Diagramming movable modifiers -- Final notes on movable modifiers -- Clauses that Modify Nouns: Relative Clauses -- Relative clauses and wh-movement -- Tensed and infinitival relative clauses -- Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses -- Headless relative clauses -- Appositive NPs -- Summary -- Exercises -- 1. Review: Complements and modifiers -- 2. Movable Modifiers -- 3. Evidence for layered VP -- 4. Restrictive relative clauses -- 5. Identifying modifier types -- 6. Sentence breakdown -- 7. Restrictions on relative clauses -- 8. Dangling modifiers -- 9. Movable modifiers: Edgar Allan Poe and Abraham Lincoln -- 10. Practice -- Notes -- Epilogue: Navigating Real Language -- Index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.