Reducing Energy for Urban Water and Wastewater : Prospects for China.

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Water-Energy Nexus -- 1.2 China's Urban Water System -- 1.3 Scope -- 1.4 Summary -- Chapter 2: Energy for water supply -- 2 .1 Energy for Water Supply -- 2.2 Sourcing Water -- 2.2.1 Sourcing groundwater -- 2.2.2 Sourcing surface water: Short and long distance -- 2.2.3 Harvesting rainwater -- 2.3 Treating Water -- 2.3.1 Treating groundwater and surface water -- 2.3.2 Treating seawater -- 2.3.2.1 Reverse osmosis -- 2.3.2.2 Multi-effect distillation -- 2.4 Distributing Water -- 2.4.1 Distributing water in the central water distribution system -- 2.4.2 Distributing water in high-rise buildings -- 2.4.2.1 Common types of high-rise pumping systems -- 2.4.2.2 Energy used by high-rise pumping systems -- 2.4.2.3 High-rise pumping within the urban water cycle -- 2.5 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 3: Factors that may influence electricity use for water supply -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Correlation Analysis -- 3.3 Electricity Use and Scope -- 3.4 Relationship between Electricity Use and Population Supplied -- 3.5 Relationship between Electricity Use and Pipe Length -- 3.6 Relationship between Electricity Use and Water Loss -- 3.7 Relationship between Electricity Use and Water Use -- 3.8 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 4: Comparison of electricity for water supply between water sources and countries -- 4.1 Comparison of Electricity Use for Different Water Sources -- 4.2 Comparison of Electricity Use and Emissions for Water Supply in Different Countries -- 4.2.1 Electricity use -- 4.2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions -- 4.3 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 5: Energy for wastewater treatment -- 5.1 Wastewater Treatment in China -- 5.2 Pretreatment and Primary Treatment -- 5.3 Secondary Treatment -- 5.3.1 Secondary treatment - Removal of organics.

5.3.2 Secondary treatment - removal of nutrients -- 5.4 Tertiary Treatment -- 5.5 Sludge Treatment and Disposal -- 5.6 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 6: Evaluating the environmental benefit and energy footprint of stricter wastewater standards -- 6.1 Evolution in Wastewater Treatment Standards -- 6.2 Recent Changes to Chinese Urban Wastewater Discharge Standards -- 6.3 Estimating Difference in Electricity for Two Standards -- 6.3.1 Method -- 6.3.2 Case study results -- 6.4 Estimating Total Change in Electricity Use Due to Change in Standard -- 6.4.1 Method -- 6.4.2 Case study results -- 6.5 Assessing Environmental Benefit and How to Increase It -- 6.5.1 Method -- 6.5.2 Case study results -- 6.6 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 7: Reducing net energy use for water supply -- 7.1 Save Energy by Reducing Leakage -- 7.2 Minimise Energy Used for Desalination -- 7.2.1 Use energy recovery devices in reverse osmosis -- 7.2.2 Further investigate coupling of solar energy and desalination -- 7.2.3 Capture waste heat or electricity for use in distillation -- 7.3 Use Energy Efficient Pumping Systems in High-rise Buildings -- 7.3.1 Be aware of the increasing need for high-rise pumping -- 7.3.2 Save energy through efficient high-rise pumping systems -- 7.3.2.1 Savings at building level -- 7.3.2.2 Savings at city level -- 7.3.2.3 Savings at country level -- 7.4 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 8: Reducing energy for water distribution through pressure management and building layout -- 8.1 Key Points to Remember When Designing for Low Energy Intensity Water Distribution -- 8.1.1 Energy for on-site pumping can have a major impact on total energy for water supply -- 8.1.2 There is an energy trade-off when setting pressure within water distribution systems -- 8.1.3 Bigger cities tend to use more energy per cubic metre for water supply.

8.1.4 Spatial layout of demand has a major influence on energy for central water distribution -- 8.2 Case Study of Four Asian Cities -- 8.2.1 City size -- 8.2.2 Energy for centralised water supply -- 8.2.3 Energy for high-rise pumping -- 8.2.4 Policy implications -- 8.3 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 9: Reducing net energy use for wastewater treatment -- 9.1 Increase Organic Energy Recovered through Anaerobic Sludge Digestion -- 9.1.1 Increase the number of plants using anaerobic sludge digestion -- 9.1.2 Improve the quality of sludge by increasing primary sludge collection -- 9.1.3 Improve the quality of sludge through co-digestion and pretreatment -- 9.2 Recover Thermal Energy from Wastewater -- 9.3 Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Applying Sludge to Land -- 9.4 Produce Solar Power Using Wastewater Treatment Plant Surface Area -- 9.5 Increase Efficiency of Aerobic Wastewater Treatment -- 9.6 Build Larger Plants Where Appropriate and Maximise Use of Plant Capacity -- 9.7 Choose a Suitable Discharge Standard -- 9.8 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 10: Reducing energy use for water in water-scarce cities -- 10.1 Use Energy Recovery in Wastewater Treatment and Consider Offsets -- 10.2 Consider Non-energy Benefits of Reclaimed Wastewater -- 10.3 Steps to Increasing Reclamation -- 10.3.1 Increase reuse by enforcing reuse -- 10.3.2 Keep price low -- 10.3.3 Incorporate reclaimed wastewater networks into new urban developments -- 10.4 Chapter Summary -- Chapter 11: A road map for reducing energy use in urban water supply -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Road Map for Conventional Urban Water Systems -- 11.3 Road Map for Water-scarce Cities -- 11.4 Chapter Summary -- References -- Index.

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