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Channels, Carriers, and Pumps : An Introduction to Membrane Transport.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2014Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 2nd edDescription: 1 online resource (423 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9780124165830
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Channels, Carriers, and PumpsLOC classification:
  • QH509 -- .S74 2015eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Front Cover -- Channels, Carriers, and Pumps -- Copyright Page -- Dedications -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- List of Symbols -- 1 Structural Basis of Movement Across Cell Membranes -- 1.1 Membrane Structure: Electron Microscopy of Biological Membranes -- 1.2 Chemical Composition of Biological Membranes -- 1.2.1 Membrane Lipids -- 1.2.2 Membrane Proteins -- 1.2.3 Membrane Carbohydrates -- 1.3 Membrane Phospholipid Structures and Their Self-Assembly -- 1.4 Phase Transitions in Biological Membranes -- 1.5 Membrane Proteins: Their Structure and Arrangement -- 1.5.1 Proteins That Span the Membrane Only Once -- 1.5.2 Proteins That Span the Membrane More Than Once -- 1.6 Synthesis of Membrane Proteins -- 1.7 Quantitation of Membrane Dynamics -- 1.8 Traffic Across the Plasma Membrane -- 1.9 The Cell Membrane as a Barrier and as a Passage -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Membrane Structure -- Membrane Lipids -- Liposomes -- Membrane Proteins -- Membrane Dynamics -- Glycophorin -- Lactose Permease -- Hydropathy Plots -- Membrane Protein Structure -- Synthesis of Membrane Proteins -- Endocytosis, Membrane Turnover -- Clathrin-Coated Pits and Caveolae -- Lipid Rafts -- Cytoskeleton -- 2 Simple Diffusion of Nonelectrolytes and Ions -- 2.1 Diffusion as a Random Walk -- 2.2 The Electrical Force Acting on an Ion -- 2.3 Permeability Coefficients and Partition Coefficients -- 2.4 Measurement of Permeability Coefficients -- 2.5 Analysis of Permeability Data -- 2.6 The Membrane as a Hydrophobic Sieve -- 2.7 Osmosis and the Diffusion of Water -- 2.8 Comparison of Osmotic and Diffusive Flow of Water -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Diffusion as a Random Walk -- Chemical Potential -- Electrical Potential -- Flux Ratio Test -- Permeability and Partition Coefficients -- Measurement of Permeability Coefficients.
NMR and ESR -- Unstirred Layers -- Plant Cell Permeabilities -- Membrane as a Hydrophobic Sieve -- Osmosis and the Diffusion of Water -- Water Channels - The Aquaporins -- Electroosmosis and Streaming Potential -- 3 Ion Channels Across Cell Membranes -- 3.1 The Gramicidin Channel -- 3.2 The Acetylcholine Receptor Channel -- 3.3 Conductances and Cross-Sectional Areas of Single Channels -- 3.4 An Experimental Interlude -- 3.4.1 Identification of Channels by Patch-Clamping -- 3.4.2 Measurements of Membrane Potential by Using Intracellular Microelectrodes or by Following Dye Distribution -- 3.5 Diffusion Potentials: Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation -- 3.6 Regulation and Modulation of Channel Opening -- 3.6.1 The Potassium Channel of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- 3.6.2 Sodium and Potassium Channels of Excitable Tissue -- 3.6.3 The Cell-to-Cell Channel or Gap Junction -- 3.6.4 Regulation and Modulation of Some Other Channels -- Suggested Readings -- Internet Resources -- General -- Electrostatic (Born) Free Energy -- Gramicidin Channel -- Enzyme Kinetics -- Acetylcholine Receptor -- Cloning and Molecular Biology -- Acetylcholine Receptor Structure -- Ionic Diffusion -- Ligand-gated Ion Channels -- Charge Effects on Channel Conductance -- Patch Clamping -- Fluorescent Dyes -- Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Relation -- Potassium Channels -- Sodium Channels -- Voltage-Gated Channels -- Cell-to-Cell Channel -- Calcium Channel -- 4 Carrier-Mediated Transport: Facilitated Diffusion -- 4.1 Inhibition of Mediated Transport Systems -- 4.2 Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- 4.2.1 The Zero-Trans Experiment -- 4.2.2 Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition of Transport -- 4.2.3 The Equilibrium Exchange Experiment -- 4.2.4 Stimulation of Transport by Trans Concentrations of Substrate -- 4.3 The Carrier Model.
4.4 Valinomycin: An Artificial Membrane Carrier That Works by a Solubility-Diffusion Mechanism -- 4.5 Two Conformations of the Carrier -- 4.6 A Deeper Analysis of the Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- 4.6.1 Some Relations Between the Transport Parameters for the Different Experimental Procedures -- 4.6.2 Carrier Systems May Behave Asymmetrically -- 4.7 Electrogenic Aspects of Carrier Transport -- 4.8 Some Individual Transport Systems -- 4.8.1 GLUT4: The Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter -- 4.8.2 The Amino Acid Carriers -- 4.8.3 The Organic Cation Transporters: The OCTs -- 4.9 An Overall View of the Membrane Carriers -- 4.10 The Full Equation for Carrier Transport -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Molecular Biology of Glucose Transporter -- Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- Valinomycin -- Two Conformations of the Carrier -- Electrogenic Aspects of Carrier Transport -- Amino Acid Transporters -- Organic Cation Transporters -- Insulin Regulation of Glucose Transport -- The Warburg Effect: Glucose Metabolism in Cancer and other Proliferating Cells -- 5 Coupling of Flows of Substrates: Antiporters and Symporters -- 5.1 Countertransport on the Simple Carrier -- 5.2 Exchange-Only Systems: The Antiporters -- 5.2.1 The Kinetics of Antiport -- 5.2.2 Slippage and Leakage in Coupled Transport Systems -- 5.2.3 Asymmetry of Antiporters -- 5.2.4 How the Stoichiometry of Substrate Binding Determines the "Intensity" of Concentration -- 5.2.5 Some Particular Antiporter Systems -- 5.2.5.1 The Na+/H+ Antiporter as a Transducer of Cell-to-Cell Signals -- 5.2.5.2 Role of the Na+/Ca2+ Antiporter in the Regulation of Intracellular Calcium -- 5.2.6 How the Structural Basis of the Antiporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated -- 5.2.6.1 The Antiporter EmrE -- 5.2.6.2 The Sodium/Proton Antiporters.
5.3 The Symporters, Cotransport Systems Where Two (or More) Substrates Ride Together in Symport on a Simple Carrier -- 5.3.1 Crane's Gradient Hypothesis -- 5.3.2 V and K Kinetics in Cotransport -- 5.3.2.1 K Kinetics -- 5.3.2.2 V and K Kinetics -- 5.3.3 Cis and Trans Inhibition Between Cosubstrates as Tests of the Cotransport (Symport) Model -- 5.3.4 Stoichiometry of Symtransport -- 5.3.5 Electrogenic Aspects of Cotransport: The Equilibrium Potential of a Cotransport System -- 5.3.6 Some Individual Cotransporters Described -- 5.3.6.1 The Lactose and Melibiose Symporters of E. coli -- 5.3.6.2 Accumulation of a Neurotransmitter in Storage Granules -- 5.3.6.3 The Ubiquitous Na+ K+ 2Cl− Cotransporter -- 5.3.7 How the Structural Basis of the Symporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated -- 5.3.7.1 LacY-The Lactose Permease of E. coli, the Lactose/Proton Symporter -- 5.3.7.2 The Sodium-Sugar Symporters and Their Homologs -- The Rocking Bundle Model -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Countertransport -- Kinetics of Antiport -- ADP/ATP Exchange -- The Bacterial Proton/Multidrug Antiporters -- Na+/H+ Antiporter -- Growth Factors -- Na+-Ca2+ Antiporter -- Electrogenicity -- Cotransport Systems -- Stoichiometry of Cotransport -- Melibiose Transport -- Lactose Permease -- Molecular Biology of the Sodium-Glucose Symporter -- Amino Acid Cotransport -- Na+-K+ - 2Cl− Cotransporter -- Structural Basis of the Symporters -- 6 Primary Active Transport Systems -- 6.1 The Sodium Pump of the Plasma Membrane -- 6.1.1 The Function of the Sodium Pump -- 6.2 The Calcium Pump of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- 6.2.1 Structural Studies on the Calcium ATPase (SERCA1a) -- 6.2.2 Structural Studies on the Na+,K+-ATPase -- 6.2.2.1 A Comparison of the E2 and E1 Conformations of the N+,K+-ATPase -- 6.2.2.2 Functional Role of the β-Chain -- 6.2.2.3 FXYD Subunits and Regulation.
6.3 The Calcium Pump of the Plasma Membrane -- 6.4 The H+, K+-ATPase of Gastric Mucosa: The Proton Pump of the Stomach -- 6.4.1 The P-Type ATPases in the Context of Protein Evolution -- 6.5 The Rotary ATPases -- 6.5.1 Structure of the Rotary ATPases -- 6.5.2 Mechanism of Action of the F0F1-ATPases -- 6.6 The Vacuolar Proton-Activated ATPase -- 6.7 Bacteriorhodopsin: A Light-Driven Proton Pump -- 6.8 MDR-Drug Pumps -- 6.8.1 The Discovery of MDR -- 6.8.2 The ABC Superfamily -- 6.8.3 Topology -- 6.8.4 Function -- 6.8.5 ATPase Activity -- 6.8.6 Substrates and Inhibitors of P-gp-Clarification of Concepts -- 6.8.7 Catalytic Cycle of P-gp -- 6.8.8 Structure -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Thermodynamics of Pumping -- Sodium Pump -- Calcium Pump of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- Calcium Pump of Plasma Membrane -- Gastric H+K+-ATPase -- Multidrug Resistance -- F0F1 ATPases -- Vacuolar and Anion Pumps -- Bacteriorhodopsin -- 7 Regulation and Integration of Transport Systems -- 7.1 Regulation of Cell Volume -- 7.1.1 How the Post-Jolly Equation (Relating Cell Volume, Cell Content, and the Pump-Leak Ratio, Together with the Donnan Di... -- 7.1.2 Short-Term Regulation of Cell Volume -- 7.1.2.1 RVD-A Process Activated by Cell Swelling -- 7.1.2.2 RVI-A Process Activated by Cell Shrinkage -- Cotransport of Solutes and Water -- Experimental Data -- Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 7.2 Integration of Transport Systems -- 7.2.1 Epithelia, with Special Reference to the Kidney -- 7.2.1.1 Morphology of Epithelia -- 7.2.1.2 Tight, Intermediate, and Leaky Epithelia -- 7.2.1.3 The Mammalian Kidney -- 7.2.1.4 The Transport System "Menu" -- 7.2.2 A Tight Epithelium: The Collecting Duct -- 7.2.3 An "Intermediate" Epithelium: The Thick Ascending Limb of the Mammalian Kidney -- 7.2.4 A Leaky Epithelium: The Proximal Tubule -- 7.2.5 Tight, Intermediate, and Leaky Epithelia Compared.
7.2.6 The Control of Glucose Transport Across the Intestine.
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Front Cover -- Channels, Carriers, and Pumps -- Copyright Page -- Dedications -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- List of Symbols -- 1 Structural Basis of Movement Across Cell Membranes -- 1.1 Membrane Structure: Electron Microscopy of Biological Membranes -- 1.2 Chemical Composition of Biological Membranes -- 1.2.1 Membrane Lipids -- 1.2.2 Membrane Proteins -- 1.2.3 Membrane Carbohydrates -- 1.3 Membrane Phospholipid Structures and Their Self-Assembly -- 1.4 Phase Transitions in Biological Membranes -- 1.5 Membrane Proteins: Their Structure and Arrangement -- 1.5.1 Proteins That Span the Membrane Only Once -- 1.5.2 Proteins That Span the Membrane More Than Once -- 1.6 Synthesis of Membrane Proteins -- 1.7 Quantitation of Membrane Dynamics -- 1.8 Traffic Across the Plasma Membrane -- 1.9 The Cell Membrane as a Barrier and as a Passage -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Membrane Structure -- Membrane Lipids -- Liposomes -- Membrane Proteins -- Membrane Dynamics -- Glycophorin -- Lactose Permease -- Hydropathy Plots -- Membrane Protein Structure -- Synthesis of Membrane Proteins -- Endocytosis, Membrane Turnover -- Clathrin-Coated Pits and Caveolae -- Lipid Rafts -- Cytoskeleton -- 2 Simple Diffusion of Nonelectrolytes and Ions -- 2.1 Diffusion as a Random Walk -- 2.2 The Electrical Force Acting on an Ion -- 2.3 Permeability Coefficients and Partition Coefficients -- 2.4 Measurement of Permeability Coefficients -- 2.5 Analysis of Permeability Data -- 2.6 The Membrane as a Hydrophobic Sieve -- 2.7 Osmosis and the Diffusion of Water -- 2.8 Comparison of Osmotic and Diffusive Flow of Water -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Diffusion as a Random Walk -- Chemical Potential -- Electrical Potential -- Flux Ratio Test -- Permeability and Partition Coefficients -- Measurement of Permeability Coefficients.

NMR and ESR -- Unstirred Layers -- Plant Cell Permeabilities -- Membrane as a Hydrophobic Sieve -- Osmosis and the Diffusion of Water -- Water Channels - The Aquaporins -- Electroosmosis and Streaming Potential -- 3 Ion Channels Across Cell Membranes -- 3.1 The Gramicidin Channel -- 3.2 The Acetylcholine Receptor Channel -- 3.3 Conductances and Cross-Sectional Areas of Single Channels -- 3.4 An Experimental Interlude -- 3.4.1 Identification of Channels by Patch-Clamping -- 3.4.2 Measurements of Membrane Potential by Using Intracellular Microelectrodes or by Following Dye Distribution -- 3.5 Diffusion Potentials: Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation -- 3.6 Regulation and Modulation of Channel Opening -- 3.6.1 The Potassium Channel of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- 3.6.2 Sodium and Potassium Channels of Excitable Tissue -- 3.6.3 The Cell-to-Cell Channel or Gap Junction -- 3.6.4 Regulation and Modulation of Some Other Channels -- Suggested Readings -- Internet Resources -- General -- Electrostatic (Born) Free Energy -- Gramicidin Channel -- Enzyme Kinetics -- Acetylcholine Receptor -- Cloning and Molecular Biology -- Acetylcholine Receptor Structure -- Ionic Diffusion -- Ligand-gated Ion Channels -- Charge Effects on Channel Conductance -- Patch Clamping -- Fluorescent Dyes -- Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Relation -- Potassium Channels -- Sodium Channels -- Voltage-Gated Channels -- Cell-to-Cell Channel -- Calcium Channel -- 4 Carrier-Mediated Transport: Facilitated Diffusion -- 4.1 Inhibition of Mediated Transport Systems -- 4.2 Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- 4.2.1 The Zero-Trans Experiment -- 4.2.2 Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition of Transport -- 4.2.3 The Equilibrium Exchange Experiment -- 4.2.4 Stimulation of Transport by Trans Concentrations of Substrate -- 4.3 The Carrier Model.

4.4 Valinomycin: An Artificial Membrane Carrier That Works by a Solubility-Diffusion Mechanism -- 4.5 Two Conformations of the Carrier -- 4.6 A Deeper Analysis of the Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- 4.6.1 Some Relations Between the Transport Parameters for the Different Experimental Procedures -- 4.6.2 Carrier Systems May Behave Asymmetrically -- 4.7 Electrogenic Aspects of Carrier Transport -- 4.8 Some Individual Transport Systems -- 4.8.1 GLUT4: The Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter -- 4.8.2 The Amino Acid Carriers -- 4.8.3 The Organic Cation Transporters: The OCTs -- 4.9 An Overall View of the Membrane Carriers -- 4.10 The Full Equation for Carrier Transport -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Molecular Biology of Glucose Transporter -- Kinetics of Carrier Transport -- Valinomycin -- Two Conformations of the Carrier -- Electrogenic Aspects of Carrier Transport -- Amino Acid Transporters -- Organic Cation Transporters -- Insulin Regulation of Glucose Transport -- The Warburg Effect: Glucose Metabolism in Cancer and other Proliferating Cells -- 5 Coupling of Flows of Substrates: Antiporters and Symporters -- 5.1 Countertransport on the Simple Carrier -- 5.2 Exchange-Only Systems: The Antiporters -- 5.2.1 The Kinetics of Antiport -- 5.2.2 Slippage and Leakage in Coupled Transport Systems -- 5.2.3 Asymmetry of Antiporters -- 5.2.4 How the Stoichiometry of Substrate Binding Determines the "Intensity" of Concentration -- 5.2.5 Some Particular Antiporter Systems -- 5.2.5.1 The Na+/H+ Antiporter as a Transducer of Cell-to-Cell Signals -- 5.2.5.2 Role of the Na+/Ca2+ Antiporter in the Regulation of Intracellular Calcium -- 5.2.6 How the Structural Basis of the Antiporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated -- 5.2.6.1 The Antiporter EmrE -- 5.2.6.2 The Sodium/Proton Antiporters.

5.3 The Symporters, Cotransport Systems Where Two (or More) Substrates Ride Together in Symport on a Simple Carrier -- 5.3.1 Crane's Gradient Hypothesis -- 5.3.2 V and K Kinetics in Cotransport -- 5.3.2.1 K Kinetics -- 5.3.2.2 V and K Kinetics -- 5.3.3 Cis and Trans Inhibition Between Cosubstrates as Tests of the Cotransport (Symport) Model -- 5.3.4 Stoichiometry of Symtransport -- 5.3.5 Electrogenic Aspects of Cotransport: The Equilibrium Potential of a Cotransport System -- 5.3.6 Some Individual Cotransporters Described -- 5.3.6.1 The Lactose and Melibiose Symporters of E. coli -- 5.3.6.2 Accumulation of a Neurotransmitter in Storage Granules -- 5.3.6.3 The Ubiquitous Na+ K+ 2Cl− Cotransporter -- 5.3.7 How the Structural Basis of the Symporters Is Beginning to Be Elucidated -- 5.3.7.1 LacY-The Lactose Permease of E. coli, the Lactose/Proton Symporter -- 5.3.7.2 The Sodium-Sugar Symporters and Their Homologs -- The Rocking Bundle Model -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Countertransport -- Kinetics of Antiport -- ADP/ATP Exchange -- The Bacterial Proton/Multidrug Antiporters -- Na+/H+ Antiporter -- Growth Factors -- Na+-Ca2+ Antiporter -- Electrogenicity -- Cotransport Systems -- Stoichiometry of Cotransport -- Melibiose Transport -- Lactose Permease -- Molecular Biology of the Sodium-Glucose Symporter -- Amino Acid Cotransport -- Na+-K+ - 2Cl− Cotransporter -- Structural Basis of the Symporters -- 6 Primary Active Transport Systems -- 6.1 The Sodium Pump of the Plasma Membrane -- 6.1.1 The Function of the Sodium Pump -- 6.2 The Calcium Pump of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- 6.2.1 Structural Studies on the Calcium ATPase (SERCA1a) -- 6.2.2 Structural Studies on the Na+,K+-ATPase -- 6.2.2.1 A Comparison of the E2 and E1 Conformations of the N+,K+-ATPase -- 6.2.2.2 Functional Role of the β-Chain -- 6.2.2.3 FXYD Subunits and Regulation.

6.3 The Calcium Pump of the Plasma Membrane -- 6.4 The H+, K+-ATPase of Gastric Mucosa: The Proton Pump of the Stomach -- 6.4.1 The P-Type ATPases in the Context of Protein Evolution -- 6.5 The Rotary ATPases -- 6.5.1 Structure of the Rotary ATPases -- 6.5.2 Mechanism of Action of the F0F1-ATPases -- 6.6 The Vacuolar Proton-Activated ATPase -- 6.7 Bacteriorhodopsin: A Light-Driven Proton Pump -- 6.8 MDR-Drug Pumps -- 6.8.1 The Discovery of MDR -- 6.8.2 The ABC Superfamily -- 6.8.3 Topology -- 6.8.4 Function -- 6.8.5 ATPase Activity -- 6.8.6 Substrates and Inhibitors of P-gp-Clarification of Concepts -- 6.8.7 Catalytic Cycle of P-gp -- 6.8.8 Structure -- Suggested Readings -- General -- Thermodynamics of Pumping -- Sodium Pump -- Calcium Pump of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- Calcium Pump of Plasma Membrane -- Gastric H+K+-ATPase -- Multidrug Resistance -- F0F1 ATPases -- Vacuolar and Anion Pumps -- Bacteriorhodopsin -- 7 Regulation and Integration of Transport Systems -- 7.1 Regulation of Cell Volume -- 7.1.1 How the Post-Jolly Equation (Relating Cell Volume, Cell Content, and the Pump-Leak Ratio, Together with the Donnan Di... -- 7.1.2 Short-Term Regulation of Cell Volume -- 7.1.2.1 RVD-A Process Activated by Cell Swelling -- 7.1.2.2 RVI-A Process Activated by Cell Shrinkage -- Cotransport of Solutes and Water -- Experimental Data -- Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 7.2 Integration of Transport Systems -- 7.2.1 Epithelia, with Special Reference to the Kidney -- 7.2.1.1 Morphology of Epithelia -- 7.2.1.2 Tight, Intermediate, and Leaky Epithelia -- 7.2.1.3 The Mammalian Kidney -- 7.2.1.4 The Transport System "Menu" -- 7.2.2 A Tight Epithelium: The Collecting Duct -- 7.2.3 An "Intermediate" Epithelium: The Thick Ascending Limb of the Mammalian Kidney -- 7.2.4 A Leaky Epithelium: The Proximal Tubule -- 7.2.5 Tight, Intermediate, and Leaky Epithelia Compared.

7.2.6 The Control of Glucose Transport Across the Intestine.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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