Cruise Ship Pollution.

Intro -- CRUISE SHIP POLLUTION -- CRUISE SHIP POLLUTION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DRAFT CRUISE SHIP DISCHARGE ASSESSMENT REPORT -- SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Overview -- 1.2. Other EPA Cruise Ship Efforts -- Cruise Ship White Paper, August 2000 -- Cruise Ship Public Hearings, September 2000 -- Cruise Ship Plume Tracking Survey, Summer 2001 -- Cruise Ship Hazardous Waste Tracking System, December 2001 -- Evaluation of Standards for Sewage and Graywater Discharges from Cruise Ships in Alaska -- 1.3. Cruise Ship Industry Efforts to Reduce Potential Environmental Impacts -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 2: SEWAGE -- 2.1. What is Sewage from Vessels and how much is Generated on Cruise Ships? -- 2.2. What laws apply to sewage from cruise ships? -- 2.2.1. Clean Water Act Section 312 -- Marine Sanitation Devices -- No-Discharge Zones -- 2.2.2. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships -- 2.2.3. Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship Operations -- 2.2.4. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 2.3. How do Cruise Ships Treat Sewage? -- 2.3.1. Traditional Type II Marine Sanitation Devices -- How it Works -- How Well it Works in Practice -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 2.3.2. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems -- How it Works -- How Well it Works in Practice -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- Pesticides -- 2.3.3. Sewage Sludge -- Waste Sludge -- Screening Solids -- 2.3.4. Cruise Industry Practice -- 2.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Sewage from Cruise Ships? -- 2.4.1. Comparison to wastewater discharge standards.

2.4.2. Comparison to EPA's National Recommended Water Quality Criteria -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Oil and Grease -- Settleable and Suspended Solids -- Temperature -- Total Residual Chlorine -- Metals -- Semivolatile and Volatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 2.4.3. Mixing and Dilution -- Dilution at Rest -- Dilution Underway -- 2.4.4. Potential Treatment Technologies in Addition to A WTs -- Nutrient Removal Technologies -- Ammonia Removal by Biological Nitrification -- Total Nitrogen Removal by Ion Exchange -- Phosphorus Removal by Chemical Precipitation -- Metals Removal Technologies -- Metals Removal by Ion Exchange -- Metals Removal by Reverse Osmosis -- Temperature Control -- 2.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to Address Sewage from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 3: GRAYWATER -- 3.1. What is graywater and how much is generated on cruise ships? -- 3.2. What Laws Apply to Graywater from Cruise Ships? -- 3.2.1. Clean Water Act -- 3.2.2. Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship Operations -- 3.2.3. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 3.3. Characterization of Untreated Graywater -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 3.4 What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Untreated Graywater from Cruise Ships? -- 3.4.1. Comparison to Wastewater Discharge Standards -- 3.4.2. Comparison to EPA's National Recommended Water Quality Criteria -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and other Common Analytes -- Oil and Grease -- Settleable and Suspended Solids -- Temperature -- Total Residual Chlorine -- Metals -- Semivolatile and Volatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 3.4.3. Mixing and Dilution -- Dilution at Rest -- Dilution Underway.

3.4.4. Potential Treatment Technologies in Addition to A WTs -- 3.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to Address Graywater Waste Streams from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 4: OILY BILGE WATER -- 4.1. What is Bilge Water and how much is Generated on Cruise Ships? -- 4.2. What Laws Apply to Bilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- 4.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) -- The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) -- Applicable Coast Guard regulations -- 4.2.2. Oil Pollution Act and Clean Water Act -- 4.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Bilge Water? -- 4.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Inadequately Treated Bilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- 4.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to Address Bilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 5: SOLID WASTE -- 5.1. What is Solid Waste and how much is Generated on Cruise Ships? -- 5.2. What Laws Apply to Solid Waste from Cruise Ships? -- 5.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships -- Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- Applicable Coast Guard Regulations -- 5.2.2. Clean Water Act -- 5.2.3. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 5.2.4. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- 5.2.5. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act -- 5.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Solid Waste? -- 5.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Solid Waste from Cruise Ships? -- 5.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to Address Solid Waste from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 6: HAZARDOUS WASTE.

6.1. What is Hazardous Waste and how much is Generated on Cruise Ships? -- 6.2. What Laws Apply to Hazardous Waste on Cruise Ships? -- 6.2.1 Clean Water Act -- 6.2.2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- 6.2.3. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act -- 6.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Hazardous Waste? -- 6.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Hazardous Waste from Cruise Ships? -- 6.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to Address Hazardous Waste from Cruise Ships? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CRUISE SHIP POLLUTION: BACKGROUND, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, AND KEY ISSUES∗ -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CRUISE SHIP WASTE STREAMS -- APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS -- International Legal Regime -- Domestic Laws and Regulations -- Alaskan Activities -- Other State Activities -- Industry Initiatives -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- REFERENCE -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

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