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Oral Cancer : Diagnosis and Therapy.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Tokyo : Springer Japan, 2015Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (427 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9784431549383
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Oral CancerDDC classification:
  • 616.99431
LOC classification:
  • RC254-282
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer -- 1.1 Introduction: Oral Cancer in Japan -- 1.2 Frequency of Oral Cancer -- 1.3 Favorite Site -- 1.4 Risk Factors and Prevention of Oral Cancer -- 1.5 Precancerous Lesion -- 1.6 Multiple Cancers and Double Cancers -- 1.7 Oral Cancer Screening -- References -- 2: Surgical Pathology of Oral Cancer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Primary Lesion -- 2.2.1 Anatomical Sites and Subsites -- 2.2.2 Locations of the Lesions (Fig. 2.2) -- 2.2.3 Size -- 2.2.4 Clinical Types -- 2.2.5 Depth and Deepness of Invasion -- 2.2.6 Invasion into Adjacent Structures -- 2.2.7 T Score -- 2.2.8 Histological Classification -- 2.2.8.1 Tis Cancer: Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia (OIN)/Carcinoma In Situ -- 2.2.8.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Common Type -- 2.2.8.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Variants -- 2.2.9 Invasion to Lymphatic Vessels, Veins, and Nerves -- 2.2.10 Evaluation of the Resection Margin -- 2.3 Regional Lymph Node Metastasis -- 2.4 M Score -- 2.5 Staging -- 2.6 Multiple, Double, and Multiple Primary Cancers -- 2.7 Histological Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect -- 2.8 Biopsy -- 2.9 Handling of Surgical Materials -- 2.9.1 Sectioning Method -- 2.9.2 Decalcification Methods -- References -- 3: Molecular Biology of the Oral Cancer -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Genetic Alterations Leading to OSCC Development -- 3.3 Human Papillomavirus in OSCC -- 3.4 Hallmarks of Cancer -- 3.4.1 Sustained Proliferative Signals -- 3.4.1.1 EGFR -- 3.4.1.2 Ras -- 3.4.1.3 HGF/c-Met -- 3.4.1.4 NFκB -- 3.4.1.5 PI3K-AKT -- 3.4.1.6 Cyclin D1 -- 3.4.1.7 STAT -- 3.4.2 Evasion of Growth Suppressors -- 3.4.2.1 p53 -- 3.4.2.2 p16INK4A -- 3.4.2.3 p21WAF1 -- 3.4.2.4 PTEN -- 3.4.3 Resistance to Cell Death -- 3.4.3.1 Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax, and Bak -- 3.4.4 Replicative Immortality -- 3.4.5 Induction of Angiogenesis.
3.4.5.1 VEGF Family -- 3.4.6 Activation of Invasion and Metastasis -- 3.4.6.1 E-Cadherin -- 3.4.6.2 MMPs -- 3.4.6.3 Integrins -- 3.4.7 Avoidance of Immune Destruction -- 3.4.8 Tumor-Promoting Inflammation -- 3.4.8.1 COX-2 -- 3.4.9 Genome Instability and Mutation -- 3.4.10 Deregulation of Cellular Energetics -- 3.4.10.1 GLUT-1 -- 3.4.10.2 HIF-1 -- 3.5 EMT -- 3.6 MicroRNA -- 3.6.1 Upregulation of miRNAs in OSCC -- 3.6.2 Downregulation of miRNAs in OSCC -- 3.7 The Novel OSCC-Related Molecular Markers -- 3.7.1 RAGE-HMGB1 Signal -- 3.7.2 MIA Gene Family -- 3.7.3 Trk -- 3.7.4 miR-126 -- 3.8 Salivary Gland Cancer -- 3.8.1 Reg IV -- 3.8.2 RUNX3 -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Terminology and Concept of Potentially Malignant Disorders -- 4.3 Leukoplakia -- 4.3.1 Criteria and Diagnosis -- 4.3.1.1 Definition -- 4.3.1.2 Diagnosis -- 4.3.2 Clinical Aspects -- 4.3.2.1 Sex -- 4.3.2.2 Age -- 4.3.2.3 Site -- 4.3.2.4 Clinical Features and Types -- 4.3.3 Histopathological Aspects -- 4.3.3.1 Epithelial Dysplasia -- 4.3.3.2 Diagnosis of Epithelial Dysplasia with a Colorimeter and Iodine Staining -- 4.3.4 Prognosis and Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 4.3.4.1 Prognosis -- 4.3.4.2 Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- Malignant Transformation Rate and Cumulative Malignant Transformation Rate -- 4.3.4.3 Sex and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.4 Age and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.5 Site and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.6 Clinical Type and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.7 Epithelial Dysplasia and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.8 Epithelial Dysplasia and the Period to Developing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 4.3.4.9 Size and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.10 Treatment and Malignant Transformation.
4.3.4.11 Etiological Factors of Oral Leukoplakia -- 4.4 Erythroplakia -- 4.4.1 Historical Aspects -- 4.4.2 Criteria and Clinicopathological Findings -- 4.4.3 Treatment and Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- References -- 5: Imaging and Classification of Staging -- 5.1 Imaging Techniques -- 5.1.1 Conventional X-Ray in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.1.1 Dental X-Ray -- 5.1.1.2 Orthopantomography (Panoramic X-Ray) -- 5.1.1.3 Other Conventional X-Ray -- 5.1.2 CT in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.2.1 Plain CT and CECT -- 5.1.2.2 CT Perfusion -- 5.1.3 CBCT in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.4 MRI in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.4.1 Plain MRI and Contrast-Enhanced MRI -- 5.1.4.2 Diffusion-Weighted MRI -- 5.1.5 Ultrasonography (US) in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.5.1 Intraoral US -- 5.1.5.2 Face and Neck US -- 5.1.6 PET/CT in Oral Cancer -- 5.2 Sectional Anatomy of the Oral Cavity (Figs. 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27 -- 5.3 Oral Cancer Staging -- 5.3.1 TNM (UICC Staging) -- 5.3.2 Primary Tumor (T) -- 5.3.3 Regional Lymph Nodes (N) -- 5.3.4 Distant Metastasis (M) -- 5.4 Oral Cavity Malignancies -- 5.4.1 Tongue Carcinoma [Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)] -- 5.4.1.1 Case 1: 82-Year-Old Female, Left-Tongue SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57, 5.58 and 5.59) -- 5.4.1.2 Case 2: 60-Year-Old Female, Left-Tongue SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.60, 5.61, 5.62, 5.63, 5.64, 5.65, 5.66 and 5.67) -- 5.4.1.3 Case 3: 60-Year-Old Female, Right-Tongue SCC T2N0 (Figs. 5.68, 5.69, 5.70 and 5.71) -- 5.4.2 Gingival Carcinoma -- 5.4.2.1 Case 3: 62-Year-Old Male, Left-­Mandibular Gingival SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.72, 5.73, 5.74, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, 5.79, 5.80, 5.81, 5.82, 5.83 and 5.84).
5.4.2.2 Case 4: 85-Year-Old Male, Right-Maxillary Gingival SCC, T4aN0 (Figs. 5.85, 5.86, 5.87, 5.88, 5.89, 5.90, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93, 5.94, 5.95 and 5.96) -- 5.4.3 Floor of the Mouth Carcinoma -- 5.4.3.1 Case 5: 64-Year-Old Male, Floor of the Mouth SCC T4aN2c (Figs. 5.97, 5.98, 5.99, 5.100, 5.101, 5.102, 5.103, 5.104 and 5.105) -- 5.4.4 Buccal Mucosa Carcinoma -- 5.4.4.1 Case 6: 78-Year-Old Male, Buccal Mucosa SCC T2N0 (Figs. 5.106, 5.107, 5.108, 5.109, 5.110, 5.111, 5.112, 5.113, 5.114 and 5.115) -- 5.4.5 Lymph Node Metastasis -- 5.4.5.1 Case 7: 64-Year-Old Male, Floor of the Mouth SCC T4aN2c (Figs. 5.116, 5.117, 5.118, 5.119, 5.120, 5.121, 5.122, 5.123, 5.124, 5.125 and 5.126) -- 5.4.5.2 Case 8: 61-Year-Old Male, Left-Maxillary Gingival SCC T1N2b (Figs. 5.127, 5.128, 5.129, 5.130 and 5.131) -- References -- 6: Clinical Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis -- 6.1 Clinical Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis -- 6.1.1 Clinical Evaluation of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.1.1 General Clinical Characteristics of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.1.2 Site-Specific Clinical Characteristics of Oral Cancers -- Buccal Mucosa -- Upper Alveolus and Gingiva -- Lower Alveolus and Gingiva -- Hard Palate -- Tongue -- Floor of the Mouth -- 6.1.2 Differential Diagnosis of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.2.1 Other Oral Nonmalignant Lesions with Similarities to Oral Cancer -- 6.1.2.2 Precancerous Lesions and Conditions -- 6.1.2.3 Other Malignancies in the Oral Cavity -- Malignancies of the Salivary Gland -- Malignancies Within the Bone -- Malignant Melanoma -- Malignancies of the Lip -- Malignancies of the Maxillary Sinus -- References -- 7: Surgical Approaches to the Oral Cavity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Safety Margin During Tumor Resection -- 7.3 Vital Staining with Iodine Solution -- 7.4 Tongue Carcinomas -- 7.4.1 Surgical Resection of Tongue Carcinomas (Figs. 7.15 and 7.16).
7.5 Surgical Therapy for Lower Gingival Carcinomas -- 7.5.1 Surgical Methods for Lower Gingival Carcinomas (Fig. 7.32) -- 7.5.2 Selection Criteria of Marginal Mandibulectomy and Segmental Mandibulectomy (Fig. 7.48) -- 7.6 Upper Gingival Carcinomas and Hard Palate Carcinomas -- 7.6.1 Surgical Resection of Upper Gingival Carcinomas and Hard Palate Carcinomas (Fig. 7.58) -- 7.7 Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth -- 7.7.1 Surgical Resection of Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth [47, 48, 61-63] -- 7.7.2 Selection Criteria for Combined Mandibular Resection for Carcinomas of the Floor of the Mouth [64, 65] -- 7.8 Buccal Mucosa Carcinomas [61-63] -- 7.9 Points to Note When Performing Surgical Resection of Tumors -- References -- 8: Management of the Neck -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Regional Lymph Nodes -- 8.3 Patterns of Regional Node Metastases -- 8.4 Evaluation of Regional Nodal Status -- 8.4.1 Physical Examination -- 8.4.2 Imaging Studies -- 8.4.3 Pathological Examination -- 8.4.3.1 FNA -- 8.4.3.2 Open Biopsy -- 8.4.3.3 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy -- 8.5 Staging of Regional Node Metastasis -- 8.6 Prognostic Implications of Regional Node Metastasis -- 8.7 Principles of Neck Treatment -- 8.7.1 Classification of Neck Dissection -- 8.7.2 Neck Node Management -- 8.7.2.1 Characteristics of Primary Tumor Influencing Nodal Metastasis -- 8.7.2.2 Management of N0 Neck -- 8.7.2.3 Management of N1-3 Neck -- 8.7.2.4 Treatment Outcome -- Conclusions -- References -- 9: Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction -- 9.1 General Principles -- 9.1.1 Disability/Rehabilitation Medicine and Maintenance of Social Life -- 9.1.2 Step-Surgery Concept -- 9.2 Practice of and Strategy for Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction -- 9.2.1 Free Radial Forearm Flap -- 9.2.1.1 Role of Perforating Vein in Vascular Pedicle.
9.2.1.2 Simple Dressing Technique Using Polyurethane Foam for Fixture of Skin Grafts.
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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer -- 1.1 Introduction: Oral Cancer in Japan -- 1.2 Frequency of Oral Cancer -- 1.3 Favorite Site -- 1.4 Risk Factors and Prevention of Oral Cancer -- 1.5 Precancerous Lesion -- 1.6 Multiple Cancers and Double Cancers -- 1.7 Oral Cancer Screening -- References -- 2: Surgical Pathology of Oral Cancer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Primary Lesion -- 2.2.1 Anatomical Sites and Subsites -- 2.2.2 Locations of the Lesions (Fig. 2.2) -- 2.2.3 Size -- 2.2.4 Clinical Types -- 2.2.5 Depth and Deepness of Invasion -- 2.2.6 Invasion into Adjacent Structures -- 2.2.7 T Score -- 2.2.8 Histological Classification -- 2.2.8.1 Tis Cancer: Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia (OIN)/Carcinoma In Situ -- 2.2.8.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Common Type -- 2.2.8.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Variants -- 2.2.9 Invasion to Lymphatic Vessels, Veins, and Nerves -- 2.2.10 Evaluation of the Resection Margin -- 2.3 Regional Lymph Node Metastasis -- 2.4 M Score -- 2.5 Staging -- 2.6 Multiple, Double, and Multiple Primary Cancers -- 2.7 Histological Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect -- 2.8 Biopsy -- 2.9 Handling of Surgical Materials -- 2.9.1 Sectioning Method -- 2.9.2 Decalcification Methods -- References -- 3: Molecular Biology of the Oral Cancer -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Genetic Alterations Leading to OSCC Development -- 3.3 Human Papillomavirus in OSCC -- 3.4 Hallmarks of Cancer -- 3.4.1 Sustained Proliferative Signals -- 3.4.1.1 EGFR -- 3.4.1.2 Ras -- 3.4.1.3 HGF/c-Met -- 3.4.1.4 NFκB -- 3.4.1.5 PI3K-AKT -- 3.4.1.6 Cyclin D1 -- 3.4.1.7 STAT -- 3.4.2 Evasion of Growth Suppressors -- 3.4.2.1 p53 -- 3.4.2.2 p16INK4A -- 3.4.2.3 p21WAF1 -- 3.4.2.4 PTEN -- 3.4.3 Resistance to Cell Death -- 3.4.3.1 Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax, and Bak -- 3.4.4 Replicative Immortality -- 3.4.5 Induction of Angiogenesis.

3.4.5.1 VEGF Family -- 3.4.6 Activation of Invasion and Metastasis -- 3.4.6.1 E-Cadherin -- 3.4.6.2 MMPs -- 3.4.6.3 Integrins -- 3.4.7 Avoidance of Immune Destruction -- 3.4.8 Tumor-Promoting Inflammation -- 3.4.8.1 COX-2 -- 3.4.9 Genome Instability and Mutation -- 3.4.10 Deregulation of Cellular Energetics -- 3.4.10.1 GLUT-1 -- 3.4.10.2 HIF-1 -- 3.5 EMT -- 3.6 MicroRNA -- 3.6.1 Upregulation of miRNAs in OSCC -- 3.6.2 Downregulation of miRNAs in OSCC -- 3.7 The Novel OSCC-Related Molecular Markers -- 3.7.1 RAGE-HMGB1 Signal -- 3.7.2 MIA Gene Family -- 3.7.3 Trk -- 3.7.4 miR-126 -- 3.8 Salivary Gland Cancer -- 3.8.1 Reg IV -- 3.8.2 RUNX3 -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Terminology and Concept of Potentially Malignant Disorders -- 4.3 Leukoplakia -- 4.3.1 Criteria and Diagnosis -- 4.3.1.1 Definition -- 4.3.1.2 Diagnosis -- 4.3.2 Clinical Aspects -- 4.3.2.1 Sex -- 4.3.2.2 Age -- 4.3.2.3 Site -- 4.3.2.4 Clinical Features and Types -- 4.3.3 Histopathological Aspects -- 4.3.3.1 Epithelial Dysplasia -- 4.3.3.2 Diagnosis of Epithelial Dysplasia with a Colorimeter and Iodine Staining -- 4.3.4 Prognosis and Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 4.3.4.1 Prognosis -- 4.3.4.2 Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- Malignant Transformation Rate and Cumulative Malignant Transformation Rate -- 4.3.4.3 Sex and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.4 Age and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.5 Site and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.6 Clinical Type and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.7 Epithelial Dysplasia and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.8 Epithelial Dysplasia and the Period to Developing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 4.3.4.9 Size and Malignant Transformation -- 4.3.4.10 Treatment and Malignant Transformation.

4.3.4.11 Etiological Factors of Oral Leukoplakia -- 4.4 Erythroplakia -- 4.4.1 Historical Aspects -- 4.4.2 Criteria and Clinicopathological Findings -- 4.4.3 Treatment and Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- References -- 5: Imaging and Classification of Staging -- 5.1 Imaging Techniques -- 5.1.1 Conventional X-Ray in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.1.1 Dental X-Ray -- 5.1.1.2 Orthopantomography (Panoramic X-Ray) -- 5.1.1.3 Other Conventional X-Ray -- 5.1.2 CT in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.2.1 Plain CT and CECT -- 5.1.2.2 CT Perfusion -- 5.1.3 CBCT in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.4 MRI in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.4.1 Plain MRI and Contrast-Enhanced MRI -- 5.1.4.2 Diffusion-Weighted MRI -- 5.1.5 Ultrasonography (US) in Oral Cancer -- 5.1.5.1 Intraoral US -- 5.1.5.2 Face and Neck US -- 5.1.6 PET/CT in Oral Cancer -- 5.2 Sectional Anatomy of the Oral Cavity (Figs. 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27 -- 5.3 Oral Cancer Staging -- 5.3.1 TNM (UICC Staging) -- 5.3.2 Primary Tumor (T) -- 5.3.3 Regional Lymph Nodes (N) -- 5.3.4 Distant Metastasis (M) -- 5.4 Oral Cavity Malignancies -- 5.4.1 Tongue Carcinoma [Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)] -- 5.4.1.1 Case 1: 82-Year-Old Female, Left-Tongue SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57, 5.58 and 5.59) -- 5.4.1.2 Case 2: 60-Year-Old Female, Left-Tongue SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.60, 5.61, 5.62, 5.63, 5.64, 5.65, 5.66 and 5.67) -- 5.4.1.3 Case 3: 60-Year-Old Female, Right-Tongue SCC T2N0 (Figs. 5.68, 5.69, 5.70 and 5.71) -- 5.4.2 Gingival Carcinoma -- 5.4.2.1 Case 3: 62-Year-Old Male, Left-­Mandibular Gingival SCC T4aN0 (Figs. 5.72, 5.73, 5.74, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, 5.79, 5.80, 5.81, 5.82, 5.83 and 5.84).

5.4.2.2 Case 4: 85-Year-Old Male, Right-Maxillary Gingival SCC, T4aN0 (Figs. 5.85, 5.86, 5.87, 5.88, 5.89, 5.90, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93, 5.94, 5.95 and 5.96) -- 5.4.3 Floor of the Mouth Carcinoma -- 5.4.3.1 Case 5: 64-Year-Old Male, Floor of the Mouth SCC T4aN2c (Figs. 5.97, 5.98, 5.99, 5.100, 5.101, 5.102, 5.103, 5.104 and 5.105) -- 5.4.4 Buccal Mucosa Carcinoma -- 5.4.4.1 Case 6: 78-Year-Old Male, Buccal Mucosa SCC T2N0 (Figs. 5.106, 5.107, 5.108, 5.109, 5.110, 5.111, 5.112, 5.113, 5.114 and 5.115) -- 5.4.5 Lymph Node Metastasis -- 5.4.5.1 Case 7: 64-Year-Old Male, Floor of the Mouth SCC T4aN2c (Figs. 5.116, 5.117, 5.118, 5.119, 5.120, 5.121, 5.122, 5.123, 5.124, 5.125 and 5.126) -- 5.4.5.2 Case 8: 61-Year-Old Male, Left-Maxillary Gingival SCC T1N2b (Figs. 5.127, 5.128, 5.129, 5.130 and 5.131) -- References -- 6: Clinical Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis -- 6.1 Clinical Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis -- 6.1.1 Clinical Evaluation of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.1.1 General Clinical Characteristics of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.1.2 Site-Specific Clinical Characteristics of Oral Cancers -- Buccal Mucosa -- Upper Alveolus and Gingiva -- Lower Alveolus and Gingiva -- Hard Palate -- Tongue -- Floor of the Mouth -- 6.1.2 Differential Diagnosis of Oral Cancers -- 6.1.2.1 Other Oral Nonmalignant Lesions with Similarities to Oral Cancer -- 6.1.2.2 Precancerous Lesions and Conditions -- 6.1.2.3 Other Malignancies in the Oral Cavity -- Malignancies of the Salivary Gland -- Malignancies Within the Bone -- Malignant Melanoma -- Malignancies of the Lip -- Malignancies of the Maxillary Sinus -- References -- 7: Surgical Approaches to the Oral Cavity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Safety Margin During Tumor Resection -- 7.3 Vital Staining with Iodine Solution -- 7.4 Tongue Carcinomas -- 7.4.1 Surgical Resection of Tongue Carcinomas (Figs. 7.15 and 7.16).

7.5 Surgical Therapy for Lower Gingival Carcinomas -- 7.5.1 Surgical Methods for Lower Gingival Carcinomas (Fig. 7.32) -- 7.5.2 Selection Criteria of Marginal Mandibulectomy and Segmental Mandibulectomy (Fig. 7.48) -- 7.6 Upper Gingival Carcinomas and Hard Palate Carcinomas -- 7.6.1 Surgical Resection of Upper Gingival Carcinomas and Hard Palate Carcinomas (Fig. 7.58) -- 7.7 Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth -- 7.7.1 Surgical Resection of Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth [47, 48, 61-63] -- 7.7.2 Selection Criteria for Combined Mandibular Resection for Carcinomas of the Floor of the Mouth [64, 65] -- 7.8 Buccal Mucosa Carcinomas [61-63] -- 7.9 Points to Note When Performing Surgical Resection of Tumors -- References -- 8: Management of the Neck -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Regional Lymph Nodes -- 8.3 Patterns of Regional Node Metastases -- 8.4 Evaluation of Regional Nodal Status -- 8.4.1 Physical Examination -- 8.4.2 Imaging Studies -- 8.4.3 Pathological Examination -- 8.4.3.1 FNA -- 8.4.3.2 Open Biopsy -- 8.4.3.3 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy -- 8.5 Staging of Regional Node Metastasis -- 8.6 Prognostic Implications of Regional Node Metastasis -- 8.7 Principles of Neck Treatment -- 8.7.1 Classification of Neck Dissection -- 8.7.2 Neck Node Management -- 8.7.2.1 Characteristics of Primary Tumor Influencing Nodal Metastasis -- 8.7.2.2 Management of N0 Neck -- 8.7.2.3 Management of N1-3 Neck -- 8.7.2.4 Treatment Outcome -- Conclusions -- References -- 9: Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction -- 9.1 General Principles -- 9.1.1 Disability/Rehabilitation Medicine and Maintenance of Social Life -- 9.1.2 Step-Surgery Concept -- 9.2 Practice of and Strategy for Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction -- 9.2.1 Free Radial Forearm Flap -- 9.2.1.1 Role of Perforating Vein in Vascular Pedicle.

9.2.1.2 Simple Dressing Technique Using Polyurethane Foam for Fixture of Skin Grafts.

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