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The Essentials of Clinical Dialysis.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2017Copyright date: ©2018Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (280 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9789811011009
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: The Essentials of Clinical DialysisDDC classification:
  • 610
LOC classification:
  • RC902-918
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Preparation of Dialysis -- 1: Dialysis Indication and Initiation Time for Dialysis -- 1.1 Background -- 1.1.1 Kidney Functions -- 1.1.2 Historical Perspectives of the Timing of Dialysis Initiation -- 1.2 Current Considerations About Dialysis Initiation -- 1.2.1 Early Dialysis Initiation Is Not Favorable -- 1.2.2 The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) Study -- 1.3 Factors To Be Considered for the Initiation of Dialysis -- 1.3.1 Uremic Symptoms -- 1.3.2 Nutritional Indications -- 1.3.3 Comorbidities -- 1.3.4 Speed of Decline of Renal Function -- 1.3.5 Facility Characteristics -- 1.3.6 Other Clinical Indicators -- 1.4 Published Guidelines -- 1.4.1 NKF KDOQI Guidelines -- 1.4.2 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Guideline -- 1.4.3 Japanese Guidelines -- 1.4.4 European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG) -- 1.4.5 Kidney Health Australia Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (KHA- CARI Guidelines) (Australia) -- 1.4.6 United Kingdom (The Renal Association) -- 1.4.7 The Canadian Society of Nephrology -- 1.5 Pre-dialysis Care -- 1.5.1 Vascular Access Existence of Initiation of Dialysis -- 1.6 Post-dialysis Initiation Management -- 1.6.1 Early Mortality -- 1.6.2 Importance of Pre-dialytic Care and Conservative Management -- 1.6.3 Incremental Dialysis -- References -- 2: Modality Selection -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Options, Characteristics of Dialysis Modalities, and Clinical Outcomes -- 2.2.1 Types and Characteristics of Dialysis Modalities -- 2.2.2 Comparison of Survival Outcomes by Dialysis Modality -- 2.2.3 Comparisons of Other Clinical Outcomes by Dialysis Modalities -- 2.3 Factors Influencing Decision-­Making in Dialysis Modality Selection -- 2.4 Selection of Dialysis Modalities for Special Subgroups.
2.4.1 Dialysis in the Elderly -- 2.4.2 Dialysis in Diabetic Patients -- 2.5 The Use of a Dialysis Decision Aid for Modality Choice -- References -- Part II: Hemodialysis -- 3: The Basics of Vascular Access Construction and Its Timing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Informed Consent Related to the Construction and Restoration of VA -- 3.1.2 When to Construct the VA -- 3.1.3 Basics of VA Construction -- 3.1.3.1 Selecting the Type of VA -- 3.1.3.2 VA Construction (Surgery) -- Anesthesia of VA Construction -- Poor Fistula Maturation -- 3.1.3.3 VA Care Immediately Following Construction -- 3.1.3.4 Care Until Cannulation -- 3.1.3.5 Initiation of Cannulation -- 3.1.3.6 Precautions During HD -- 3.1.3.7 Procedures Following Dialysis Needle Removal -- 3.1.3.8 Long-Term Observation and Management of AVF and AVG (Ohira 2011) -- References -- 4: Hemodialysis Procedure and Prescription -- 4.1 Hemodialysis Procedure -- 4.1.1 Preparation of Items -- 4.1.2 Anticoagulation -- 4.1.3 Heparin Rinsing -- 4.1.4 Priming -- 4.1.5 Obtaining Vascular Access -- 4.1.5.1 Patients with Central Venous Catheter -- 4.1.5.2 Patients with Arteriovenous Fistula or Graft -- 4.1.6 Cannulation (Needling) -- 4.1.7 Complications of Cannulation -- 4.1.7.1 Infiltration -- 4.1.7.2 Thrombosis or Stenosis of Vascular Access -- 4.1.8 Initiating Hemodialysis -- 4.1.9 Monitoring of Parameters -- 4.1.9.1 Body Weight -- 4.1.9.2 Vital Signs -- 4.1.9.3 Pressure Monitors on the Arterial Blood Line -- 4.1.9.4 Pressure Monitors on the Venous Blood Line -- 4.1.9.5 Venous Air Trap and Detector -- 4.1.9.6 Food and Water Intake During Dialysis -- 4.1.10 Termination of Hemodialysis -- 4.1.11 Removing the Needle and Hemostasis -- 4.1.12 Post-dialysis Evaluation -- 4.2 Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.1 Rationale for Hemodialysis Prescription.
4.2.2 Basic Mechanisms Applied to Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.2.1 Diffusion -- 4.2.2.2 Ultrafiltration -- 4.2.2.3 Convection -- 4.2.3 Parameters Related to Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.3.1 Adequacy of Hemodial ysis -- 4.2.3.2 Ultrafiltration (Amount of Fluid Removal) -- 4.2.3.3 Dialysis Time and Frequency -- 4.2.3.4 Dialysate Sodium -- 4.2.3.5 Dialysate Potassi um -- 4.2.3.6 Dialysate Calcium -- 4.2.3.7 Dialysate Bicarbonate -- 4.2.3.8 Dialysate Magnesium -- 4.2.3.9 Dialysate Temperatu re -- 4.2.3.10 Dialysate Glucos e -- 4.2.3.11 Dialyzer -- 4.2.3.12 Blood Flow Rate -- 4.2.3.13 Dialysate Flow R ate -- 4.2.4 Hemodialysis Prescriptions in Patients with Residual Renal Function -- References -- 5: Technological Aspect for Hemodialysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theatrical -- 5.2.1 Dialyzer Performance: Clearance (K) -- 5.3 Solute Removal Characteristics by Dialyzer -- 5.4 Kinetic Modeling for Blood Purification in Critical Care -- 5.5 Dialyzer Reuse -- 5.6 Evaluation for HD Treatment in Clinical -- 5.7 Internal Filtration -- 5.8 Biocompatibility and Quality for Dialysis Fluid -- 5.9 New Treatment Mode Using Ultrapure Dialysis Fluid -- References -- 6: Flux of Dialysis Membrane: Benefit and Risk -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Flux of Dialysis Membrane -- 6.3 Advances in Membrane Materials and Improvement in Flux (Water and Solute Permeability) -- 6.4 Changes in Targeted Uremic Toxins -- 6.5 Water Flux of Membrane -- 6.6 Risks Associated with  High-­Flux Membranes -- 6.6.1 Backfiltration of Pyrogens -- 6.6.2 Loss of Necessary Elements such as Albumin in the Body -- 6.7 Does High-Flux Membrane Contribute to Improving Survival? -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- 7: Anticoagulation -- 7.1 Anticoagulation for Hemodialysis -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Unfractionated Heparin (UFH).
7.1.3 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) -- 7.1.4 Direct Thrombin Inhibitors -- 7.1.5 Regional Anticoagulation -- 7.1.6 Nafamostat Mesilate (NM) -- 7.1.7 Dose of Anticoagulant and Dialysis Vintage -- 7.1.8 Coagulation Due to Other Causes -- 7.1.9 Summary -- 7.2 Anticoagulation in Patients on Hemodialysis -- 7.2.1 Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis Patients -- 7.2.2 Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation and Coagulability Monitoring -- 7.2.2.1 Coagulation Cascade -- 7.2.2.2 Biological Reactions That Occur When the Coagulation Cascade Is Triggered By Contact with Dialysis Membrane -- 7.2.2.3 Coagulability Monitoring -- 7.2.3 Mechanisms of Actions and Usage of Each Anticoagulant During Hemodialysis Treatment -- 7.2.3.1 Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) -- 7.2.3.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) -- 7.2.3.3 Nafamostat Mesilate: NM -- 7.2.3.4 Argatroban -- 7.2.4 Selection of the Appropriate Anticoagulant and Adjustment of Its Dose -- References -- 8: The Concept of Hemodialysis Adequacy and Kinetics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Dialysis Prescriptions for Solute Removal -- 8.3 Solute Clearance -- 8.4 Solute Removal per Single Dialysis Session -- Kt/V -- 8.4.1 Removal of β2M (Middle Molecules) -- Appendix 1: Kinetics Modeling of Dialysis: Reference for JSDT Guideline (Watanabe et al. 2015) -- A. Indices -- Kt/Vurea -- Gotch and Sargent's Equation (Kt/Vurea) (Gotch and Sargent 1985) -- Daugirdas' Equation (Daugirdas 1989) -- Reduction Rate (RR) -- Solute Removal (M) -- Clear Space (CS) and CS Rate (CSR) -- Sampling Methods -- Clearance (CL) of Dialyzer -- References -- 9: Complications of Hemodialysis -- 9.1 Dialysis Reaction -- 9.1.1 Anaphylactic/Anaphylactoid Type (Life-Threatening Type) -- 9.1.1.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.1.1.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.1.1.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.1.2 Nonspecific Type (Mild Type).
9.1.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.1.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.1.2.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.2 Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.2.2.1 Humoral Factors -- 9.2.2.2 Vascular Factors -- 9.2.2.3 Cardiac Factors -- 9.2.3 Management -- 9.2.4 Preventive Measures for Controlling Humoral Factors -- 9.2.4.1 General Measures -- 9.2.4.2 Therapeutic Dialysis -- 9.2.5 Preventive Measures for Controlling Vascular Factors -- 9.2.5.1 Predialysis Antihypertensive Medication -- 9.2.5.2 Refraining from Food Intake During Dialysis -- 9.2.5.3 Bicarbonate Dialysate -- 9.2.5.4 Cool Temperature Hemodialysis -- 9.2.5.5 Drug Therapy -- 9.2.6 Preventive Measures for Controlling Cardiac Factors -- 9.2.6.1 Identification and Treatment of the Underlying Cardiac Diseases -- 9.2.6.2 Correction of Anemia -- 9.2.6.3 Use of High Calcium and Low Magnesium Dialysate -- 9.2.7 Stratified Approach to Prevent Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.2.8 Resistant Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.3 Other Common Complications -- 9.3.1 Postdialysis Fatigue Syndrome -- 9.3.2 Muscle Cramps -- 9.3.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.2.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.3 Restless Leg Syndrome -- 9.3.3.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.3.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.3.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.4 Nausea and Vomiting -- 9.3.4.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.4.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.4.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.5 Headache -- 9.3.5.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.5.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.5.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.6 Chest and Back Pain -- 9.3.7 Pruritus -- 9.3.7.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.7.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism.
9.3.7.3 Management and Prevention.
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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Preparation of Dialysis -- 1: Dialysis Indication and Initiation Time for Dialysis -- 1.1 Background -- 1.1.1 Kidney Functions -- 1.1.2 Historical Perspectives of the Timing of Dialysis Initiation -- 1.2 Current Considerations About Dialysis Initiation -- 1.2.1 Early Dialysis Initiation Is Not Favorable -- 1.2.2 The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) Study -- 1.3 Factors To Be Considered for the Initiation of Dialysis -- 1.3.1 Uremic Symptoms -- 1.3.2 Nutritional Indications -- 1.3.3 Comorbidities -- 1.3.4 Speed of Decline of Renal Function -- 1.3.5 Facility Characteristics -- 1.3.6 Other Clinical Indicators -- 1.4 Published Guidelines -- 1.4.1 NKF KDOQI Guidelines -- 1.4.2 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Guideline -- 1.4.3 Japanese Guidelines -- 1.4.4 European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG) -- 1.4.5 Kidney Health Australia Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (KHA- CARI Guidelines) (Australia) -- 1.4.6 United Kingdom (The Renal Association) -- 1.4.7 The Canadian Society of Nephrology -- 1.5 Pre-dialysis Care -- 1.5.1 Vascular Access Existence of Initiation of Dialysis -- 1.6 Post-dialysis Initiation Management -- 1.6.1 Early Mortality -- 1.6.2 Importance of Pre-dialytic Care and Conservative Management -- 1.6.3 Incremental Dialysis -- References -- 2: Modality Selection -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Options, Characteristics of Dialysis Modalities, and Clinical Outcomes -- 2.2.1 Types and Characteristics of Dialysis Modalities -- 2.2.2 Comparison of Survival Outcomes by Dialysis Modality -- 2.2.3 Comparisons of Other Clinical Outcomes by Dialysis Modalities -- 2.3 Factors Influencing Decision-­Making in Dialysis Modality Selection -- 2.4 Selection of Dialysis Modalities for Special Subgroups.

2.4.1 Dialysis in the Elderly -- 2.4.2 Dialysis in Diabetic Patients -- 2.5 The Use of a Dialysis Decision Aid for Modality Choice -- References -- Part II: Hemodialysis -- 3: The Basics of Vascular Access Construction and Its Timing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Informed Consent Related to the Construction and Restoration of VA -- 3.1.2 When to Construct the VA -- 3.1.3 Basics of VA Construction -- 3.1.3.1 Selecting the Type of VA -- 3.1.3.2 VA Construction (Surgery) -- Anesthesia of VA Construction -- Poor Fistula Maturation -- 3.1.3.3 VA Care Immediately Following Construction -- 3.1.3.4 Care Until Cannulation -- 3.1.3.5 Initiation of Cannulation -- 3.1.3.6 Precautions During HD -- 3.1.3.7 Procedures Following Dialysis Needle Removal -- 3.1.3.8 Long-Term Observation and Management of AVF and AVG (Ohira 2011) -- References -- 4: Hemodialysis Procedure and Prescription -- 4.1 Hemodialysis Procedure -- 4.1.1 Preparation of Items -- 4.1.2 Anticoagulation -- 4.1.3 Heparin Rinsing -- 4.1.4 Priming -- 4.1.5 Obtaining Vascular Access -- 4.1.5.1 Patients with Central Venous Catheter -- 4.1.5.2 Patients with Arteriovenous Fistula or Graft -- 4.1.6 Cannulation (Needling) -- 4.1.7 Complications of Cannulation -- 4.1.7.1 Infiltration -- 4.1.7.2 Thrombosis or Stenosis of Vascular Access -- 4.1.8 Initiating Hemodialysis -- 4.1.9 Monitoring of Parameters -- 4.1.9.1 Body Weight -- 4.1.9.2 Vital Signs -- 4.1.9.3 Pressure Monitors on the Arterial Blood Line -- 4.1.9.4 Pressure Monitors on the Venous Blood Line -- 4.1.9.5 Venous Air Trap and Detector -- 4.1.9.6 Food and Water Intake During Dialysis -- 4.1.10 Termination of Hemodialysis -- 4.1.11 Removing the Needle and Hemostasis -- 4.1.12 Post-dialysis Evaluation -- 4.2 Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.1 Rationale for Hemodialysis Prescription.

4.2.2 Basic Mechanisms Applied to Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.2.1 Diffusion -- 4.2.2.2 Ultrafiltration -- 4.2.2.3 Convection -- 4.2.3 Parameters Related to Hemodialysis Prescription -- 4.2.3.1 Adequacy of Hemodial ysis -- 4.2.3.2 Ultrafiltration (Amount of Fluid Removal) -- 4.2.3.3 Dialysis Time and Frequency -- 4.2.3.4 Dialysate Sodium -- 4.2.3.5 Dialysate Potassi um -- 4.2.3.6 Dialysate Calcium -- 4.2.3.7 Dialysate Bicarbonate -- 4.2.3.8 Dialysate Magnesium -- 4.2.3.9 Dialysate Temperatu re -- 4.2.3.10 Dialysate Glucos e -- 4.2.3.11 Dialyzer -- 4.2.3.12 Blood Flow Rate -- 4.2.3.13 Dialysate Flow R ate -- 4.2.4 Hemodialysis Prescriptions in Patients with Residual Renal Function -- References -- 5: Technological Aspect for Hemodialysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theatrical -- 5.2.1 Dialyzer Performance: Clearance (K) -- 5.3 Solute Removal Characteristics by Dialyzer -- 5.4 Kinetic Modeling for Blood Purification in Critical Care -- 5.5 Dialyzer Reuse -- 5.6 Evaluation for HD Treatment in Clinical -- 5.7 Internal Filtration -- 5.8 Biocompatibility and Quality for Dialysis Fluid -- 5.9 New Treatment Mode Using Ultrapure Dialysis Fluid -- References -- 6: Flux of Dialysis Membrane: Benefit and Risk -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Flux of Dialysis Membrane -- 6.3 Advances in Membrane Materials and Improvement in Flux (Water and Solute Permeability) -- 6.4 Changes in Targeted Uremic Toxins -- 6.5 Water Flux of Membrane -- 6.6 Risks Associated with  High-­Flux Membranes -- 6.6.1 Backfiltration of Pyrogens -- 6.6.2 Loss of Necessary Elements such as Albumin in the Body -- 6.7 Does High-Flux Membrane Contribute to Improving Survival? -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- 7: Anticoagulation -- 7.1 Anticoagulation for Hemodialysis -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Unfractionated Heparin (UFH).

7.1.3 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) -- 7.1.4 Direct Thrombin Inhibitors -- 7.1.5 Regional Anticoagulation -- 7.1.6 Nafamostat Mesilate (NM) -- 7.1.7 Dose of Anticoagulant and Dialysis Vintage -- 7.1.8 Coagulation Due to Other Causes -- 7.1.9 Summary -- 7.2 Anticoagulation in Patients on Hemodialysis -- 7.2.1 Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis Patients -- 7.2.2 Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation and Coagulability Monitoring -- 7.2.2.1 Coagulation Cascade -- 7.2.2.2 Biological Reactions That Occur When the Coagulation Cascade Is Triggered By Contact with Dialysis Membrane -- 7.2.2.3 Coagulability Monitoring -- 7.2.3 Mechanisms of Actions and Usage of Each Anticoagulant During Hemodialysis Treatment -- 7.2.3.1 Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) -- 7.2.3.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) -- 7.2.3.3 Nafamostat Mesilate: NM -- 7.2.3.4 Argatroban -- 7.2.4 Selection of the Appropriate Anticoagulant and Adjustment of Its Dose -- References -- 8: The Concept of Hemodialysis Adequacy and Kinetics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Dialysis Prescriptions for Solute Removal -- 8.3 Solute Clearance -- 8.4 Solute Removal per Single Dialysis Session -- Kt/V -- 8.4.1 Removal of β2M (Middle Molecules) -- Appendix 1: Kinetics Modeling of Dialysis: Reference for JSDT Guideline (Watanabe et al. 2015) -- A. Indices -- Kt/Vurea -- Gotch and Sargent's Equation (Kt/Vurea) (Gotch and Sargent 1985) -- Daugirdas' Equation (Daugirdas 1989) -- Reduction Rate (RR) -- Solute Removal (M) -- Clear Space (CS) and CS Rate (CSR) -- Sampling Methods -- Clearance (CL) of Dialyzer -- References -- 9: Complications of Hemodialysis -- 9.1 Dialysis Reaction -- 9.1.1 Anaphylactic/Anaphylactoid Type (Life-Threatening Type) -- 9.1.1.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.1.1.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.1.1.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.1.2 Nonspecific Type (Mild Type).

9.1.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.1.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.1.2.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.2 Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.2.2.1 Humoral Factors -- 9.2.2.2 Vascular Factors -- 9.2.2.3 Cardiac Factors -- 9.2.3 Management -- 9.2.4 Preventive Measures for Controlling Humoral Factors -- 9.2.4.1 General Measures -- 9.2.4.2 Therapeutic Dialysis -- 9.2.5 Preventive Measures for Controlling Vascular Factors -- 9.2.5.1 Predialysis Antihypertensive Medication -- 9.2.5.2 Refraining from Food Intake During Dialysis -- 9.2.5.3 Bicarbonate Dialysate -- 9.2.5.4 Cool Temperature Hemodialysis -- 9.2.5.5 Drug Therapy -- 9.2.6 Preventive Measures for Controlling Cardiac Factors -- 9.2.6.1 Identification and Treatment of the Underlying Cardiac Diseases -- 9.2.6.2 Correction of Anemia -- 9.2.6.3 Use of High Calcium and Low Magnesium Dialysate -- 9.2.7 Stratified Approach to Prevent Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.2.8 Resistant Intradialytic Hypotension -- 9.3 Other Common Complications -- 9.3.1 Postdialysis Fatigue Syndrome -- 9.3.2 Muscle Cramps -- 9.3.2.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.2.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.3 Restless Leg Syndrome -- 9.3.3.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.3.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.3.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.4 Nausea and Vomiting -- 9.3.4.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.4.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.4.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.5 Headache -- 9.3.5.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.5.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism -- 9.3.5.3 Management and Prevention -- 9.3.6 Chest and Back Pain -- 9.3.7 Pruritus -- 9.3.7.1 Clinical Manifestations -- 9.3.7.2 Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanism.

9.3.7.3 Management and Prevention.

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