Affirmative Action and the Law : Efficacy of National and International Approaches.

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- Part I Typology of affirmative action measures -- 1 Introduction -- General background -- Conceptual framework of affirmative action -- The typology of affirmative action measures in state practice -- Opposition and criticisms to affirmative action measures -- Overview of the chapters -- 2 Universalism or fragmentation: United Nations treaty bodies and affirmative actions in Latin-America, the United Kingdom, South Africa, China and India -- Introduction -- United Nations human rights bodies approach to special measures: overview -- Treaty provisions on special measures -- Conceptual framework -- Special measures as a distinct category -- Conditions and beneficiaries -- United Nations treaty bodies approach to special measures in the United Kingdom, Latin America, South Africa, China and India -- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- China and India -- Central America -- Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Peru -- Brazil -- South Africa -- Conclusions -- Part II Analysis of affirmative action measures -- 3 Unravelling history and undermining law through politics: The erosion of diversity protection and emerging existential threats to India and China -- Introduction -- Origins and evolution of affirmative action measures in China and India -- India -- China -- The rise of 'politics' over 'law' -- China -- India -- Conclusions -- 4 Effectiveness of affirmative action in the United Kingdom and South Africa -- Introduction -- Overview of the origin and evolution of affirmative action measures in the UK and South Africa -- England, Scotland and Wales -- Northern Ireland -- South Africa -- Comparison -- Implementation and efficacy -- England, Scotland and Wales -- Northern Ireland -- South Africa -- Obstacles to implementation: contestation.

Special focus: disability -- Conclusions: possible alternative models to reach substantive equality -- 5 Effectiveness of affirmative action in Brazil -- Introduction -- Creation, implementation and efficacy of affirmative action measures in Brazil -- Women -- Afro-Brazilians -- Indians -- Disabled people -- LGBT people -- Obstacles to the implementation of affirmative action measures' in Brazil: financial costs and priority levels in the Federal Government budget -- Public budget to reduce gender inequality -- Public budget to reduce racial discrimination -- Public budget to preserve Indians' culture and their lands' demarcation -- Public budget to promote disabled people's social inclusion -- Public budget for LGBT people -- Alternative models to make affirmative action measures in Brazil more effective -- Alternative models to reduce gender inequalities -- Alternative models to reduce racial discrimination -- Alternative models to preserve Indians' culture and land demarcation -- Alternative models to promote disabled people's social inclusion -- Alternative models to promote LGBT inclusion -- Final considerations -- 6 The implementation process of affirmative action in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Peru -- Introduction -- The origins and evolution of affirmative action -- Argentina -- Chile -- Colombia -- Peru -- Challenges before national courts -- Argentina -- Chile -- Colombia -- Peru -- Design, implementation and efficacy -- Argentina -- Chile -- Colombia -- Peru -- Special focus: cultural and/or budgetary implications -- Argentina -- Chile -- Colombia -- Peru -- Conclusions -- 7 Affirmative action in Central America: Influence of the international legislation and jurisprudence of the Inter-American system -- Introduction -- Overview of the origin and evolution of affirmative action in Central-America.

Analysis of affirmative action at national level -- Guatemala -- Belize -- Honduras -- El Salvador -- Nicaragua -- Costa Rica -- Panama -- Design, implementation and efficacy: relevance of the regional framework in jurisprudence and international instruments in relation to affirmative action -- Efficacy of affirmative action in Central America -- Obstacles to implementation -- Special focus: budget analysis and decision-making priorities -- Conclusions -- Part III Case studies -- 8 Women on corporate boards of public listed companies - a UK and EU gender diversity conundrum -- Introduction -- Initiatives taken to improve gender diversity -- The European Union normative framework -- The United Kingdom -- Gender diversity - policy and procedural stagnation -- The principle of subsidiarity -- The principle of proportionality -- Corporate theory debates -- Positive discrimination or affirmative action -- Implementation methodology - 'comply or explain' model -- Conclusions - remedying gender homogeneity -- 9 Persons with disabilities and access to higher education in Brazil -- Introduction -- Education as a fundamental right and duty in the Brazilian constitutional architecture -- General aspects -- The specific problem of a fundamental right of access to higher education in Brazil -- Persons with disabilities and access to higher education in Brazil -- The social model as a premise and key point for the understanding and solution of the problem - the role of the FC and the PDA -- Persons with disabilities and the affirmative action policies ensuring access to education in Brazil - some general remarks -- Affirmative actions and access of persons with disabilities to higher education -- Some data on the Brazilian higher education system -- Main affirmative actions created and implemented to ensure access of persons with disabilities to higher education.

Effectiveness of affirmative actions for access to higher education by persons with disabilities -- Concluding remarks -- 10 Achieving substantive equality: Mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures -- Introduction -- Mainstreaming duties in Europe -- Equality duties in the UK -- Northern Ireland -- Great Britain -- Assessment of the public sector equality duty in Great Britain -- Conclusions -- 11 Conclusions -- Index.

This book examines the role of temporary affirmative action measures in redressing structural inequalities suffered by designated groups. It presents a comparison of affirmative action measures and the actual experience in implementing them.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.