Competitiveness of South Asia’s Container Ports : A Comprehensive Assessment of Performance, Drivers, and Costs.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- A Comprehensive Assessment of South Asia's Container Ports -- Analytical Framework -- Organization of the Report -- Chapter 1 South Asia's Container Port Sector -- Introduction -- Structure of the Sector -- Policy and Institutional Framework -- Port Investments -- Tariffs -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Performance of South Asian Container Ports -- Introduction -- Operational Performance -- Economic Performance -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Drivers of Container Port Performance in South Asia -- Introduction -- Does Private Sector Participation Improve Port Performance? -- Do Port Governance Characteristics Affect Port Performance? -- Does Competition Improve Port Performance? -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Gains to Improved Port Performance in South Asia -- Introduction -- Drivers of Maritime Transport Cost -- Port Efficiency and Maritime Transport Costs -- Impact of Port Efficiency on Maritime Transport Costs and Trade -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Studies of Port Efficiency and Productivity -- Appendix B Competition Index -- Appendix C Data Sources -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 The Malmquist Index of Total Factor Productivity Change -- Box 3.1 Public Service, Tool, Landlord, and Private Models of Ports Explained -- Figures -- Figure I.1 Analytical Framework -- Figure 1.1 Distribution of Container Throughput in South Asia, 2013 -- Figure 1.2 Annual Volume of Container Port Traffic in South Asia, by Country, 2000-13 -- Figure 1.3 Distribution of Container Throughput in India, 2013 -- Figure 1.4 Institutional Structure of India's Port Sector.

Figure 1.5 Private Sector Investment Commitments to Port Projects, by Region, 1990-99 and 2000-14 -- Figure 1.6 Annual Private Sector Investment Commitments to Port Projects in South Asia, 1995-2014 -- Figure 1.7 Container Port Facilities Added between 2000 and 2010, by Region -- Figure 1.8 Annual Capacity and Volume of Throughput at All Ports and Major Ports in India, 1998-2013 -- Figure 1.9 Key Events in the Evolution of the Policy and Regulatory Framework for Ports in India -- Figure 2.1 Schematic of Port Operations and Performance Indicators -- Figure 2.2 Breakdown of Average Time Spent at South Asian Container Ports, 2000 and 2012 -- Figure 2.3 Average Preberthing Waiting Time at South Asian Container Ports, 2000-12 -- Figure 2.4 Average Turnaround Time at South Asian Container Ports, by Country, 2000-12 -- Figure 2.5 Constant and Variable Returns to Scale Frontiers in Data Envelopment Analysis -- Figure B2.1.1 Malmquist Index of Total Factor Productivity Change -- Figure 2.6 Average Changes in and Drivers of Total Factor Productivity at Ports between 2000 and 2010, by Region -- Figure 2.7 Importance of Scale and Pure Efficiency Effects in Changes of Port Efficiency between 2000 and 2010, by Region -- Figure 2.8 Average Pure Efficiency Scores, by Region, 2000-10 -- Figure 2.9 Standard Deviation of Pure Efficiency Scores at Container Ports in South Asia, 2003-10 -- Figure 3.1 Risk-Sharing by Public and Private Sectors, by Type of Port Model -- Figure 3.2 Economic and Operational Performance at Selected South Asian Ports -- Figure 3.3 Relationship between Private Sector Participation and Port Efficiency in South Asia -- Figure 3.4 Board Governance Index of Selected Ports -- Figure 3.5 Components of Board Governance in South Asia -- Figure 3.6 Components of Board Governance of Ports in India and the Rest of South Asia.

Figure 3.7 Board Governance Index and Efficiency of South Asian Ports -- Figure 3.8 Market Shares of Indian Ports, 2000 and 2013 -- Figure 3.9 Operators' Shares of Container Throughput in South Asia, 2010 -- Figure 3.10 Competition Environment Index of Selected South Asian Container Ports -- Figure 3.11 Competition Environment and Efficiency of South Asian Ports -- Figure 4.1 Exports to the United States by Selected Countries, 2007 -- Figure 4.2 Average Cost Reduction Associated with Becoming as Efficient as the Most Efficient Country, 2000-07 -- Map -- Map 1.1 Container Ports in South Asia -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Terminal Handling Charges at Selected Ports, May 2015 -- Table 2.1 Annual Average Operational Performance of South Asia's Container Ports, 2000-12 -- Table 2.2 Container Port Turnaround Time, by Region, 1996, 2006, and 2011 -- Table 2.3 Container Ports Included in the Analysis -- Table 2.4 Descriptive Port Statistics, by Region, 2000-10 -- Table 2.5 Returns to Scale Shares of Container Ports, by Region, 2008-10 -- Table 2.6 Pure Efficiency Scores of South Asian Container Ports, 2000-10 -- Table 2.7 Pure Efficiency of Selected Container Ports, by Size, 2010 -- Table 3.1 Port Models in Use in South Asia -- Table 3.2 Private Sector Involvement in South Asian Ports, 2014 -- Table 3.3 Planned versus Actual Investment in India under 10th, 11th, and 12th Five-Year Plans -- Table 3.4 Rationale behind Components of Board Governance Index -- Table 3.5 Measures, Hypotheses, and Rationales for Assessment of Competition at Ports -- Table 3.6 Share of Cargo Volume at Ports in South Asia That Is Containerized, 2013 -- Table 3.7 Annual Share of Cargo Volume That Is Transshipped at Selected South Asian Ports, 2003-12 -- Table 3.8 Port Facilities and Terminal Operators at Selected Ports in South Asia, 2014.

Table 3.9 Criteria for Assessing Level of Competition at Ports -- Table 4.1 Factors Affecting Maritime Transport Costs: Summary of Regression Results from the Literature -- Table 4.2 Descriptive Statistics of Main Variables Used in the Analysis -- Table 4.3 Determinants of Maritime Transport Costs -- Table A.1 Recent Applications of Data Envelopment Analysis to Estimation of Container Port Efficiency -- Table A.2 Studies That Measure the Malmquist Index for Ports -- Table B.1 Competition Indexes of Selected Ports -- Table C.1 Sources of Data Used in This Report.

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