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Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with Mm-Waves : An Introduction.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: New York Academy of Sciences SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013Copyright date: ©2013Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (424 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783527676262
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with Mm-WavesDDC classification:
  • 530.44000000000005
LOC classification:
  • QC718 .H37 2013
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with mm-Waves -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Fusion Research -- 1.1 Reaction Scheme -- 1.2 Magnetic Plasma Confinement -- 1.2.1 Tokamak -- 1.2.2 Stellarator -- 1.2.3 Physics Issues of Magnetic Confinement -- 1.2.4 Plasma Heating -- 1.3 Plasma Diagnostic -- 1.3.1 Generic Arrangements -- 1.3.2 Microwave Diagnostics -- References -- 2 Millimeter-Waves in Plasmas -- 2.1 Basic Equations -- 2.2 Plasma Dielectric Tensor, General Properties -- 2.3 Dielectric Tensor from Kinetic Theory -- 2.4 Cold-Plasma Limit -- 2.5 Derivation within Fluid Description -- 2.6 Discussion of Cold-Plasma Dispersion Relations -- 2.6.1 Nonmagnetized Plasma, B0 = 0 -- 2.6.2 Magnetized Plasma, Parallel Propagation, k||B0 -- 2.6.3 Magnetized Plasma, Perpendicular Propagation, k | B0 -- 2.6.4 Slightly Oblique Propagation -- 2.7 Finite-Temperature Correction to Cold-Plasma Dielectric Tensor -- 2.7.1 Finite Larmor Radius Expansion -- 2.7.2 Warm-Plasma Approximation -- 2.7.3 Relativistic Corrections -- 2.8 Inhomogeneous Plasma -- 2.8.1 WKB Approximation -- 2.8.2 Refraction -- 2.8.3 Ray Tracing -- 2.9 Finite-Size Probing Beam -- 2.9.1 Gaussian Beam Description -- 2.10 Radiation Transfer -- 2.10.1 Transparent Plasma -- 2.10.2 Plasma Emitting and Absorbing -- 2.10.3 Multiple Chords, Imaging -- References -- 3 Active Diagnostics -- 3.1 Interferometry -- 3.1.1 Single-Chord Interferometry -- 3.1.2 Multiple Chords -- 3.2 Polarimetry -- 3.2.1 Faraday Effect -- 3.2.2 Cotton-Mouton Effect -- 3.2.3 Common Generalized Description -- 3.3 Reflectometry -- 3.3.1 Time Delay Measurement -- 3.3.2 Phase Change at Cutoff -- 3.3.3 Profile Reconstruction -- 3.3.4 Localization of Reflecting Layer -- 3.3.5 Relativistic Corrections -- 3.3.6 Influence of Density Fluctuations -- 3.4 Scattering -- 3.4.1 Single-Particle Thomson Scattering -- 3.4.2 Doppler Shift.
3.4.3 Incoherent Scattering -- 3.4.4 Relativistic Incoherent Scattering Spectrum -- 3.4.5 Role of Density Fluctuations -- 3.4.6 Coherent Scattering -- 3.4.7 Electron and Ion Feature -- 3.4.8 Summarizing Comments -- References -- 4 Passive Diagnostics -- 4.1 Bremsstrahlung -- 4.2 Electron Cyclotron Emission -- 4.2.1 Electron Motion in a Static B-Field -- 4.2.2 Electric Field and Spectrum, Single Electron -- 4.2.3 Perpendicular Observation, Characteristic Modes -- 4.2.4 Spectrum, Electron Ensemble -- 4.2.5 Absorption Coefficient -- 4.2.6 Emission Profile -- 4.2.7 B0-Field Varying along Sightline -- 4.2.8 Optical Depth of Most Relevant Modes -- 4.2.9 Visibility Depth and Localization -- 4.2.10 Electron Cyclotron Absorption Measurement -- 4.3 Electron Bernstein Wave Emission -- 4.3.1 Electron Bernstein Waves -- 4.3.2 Mode Conversion -- References -- 5 Guided Waves -- 5.1 Transmission Line Properties -- 5.1.1 Waves on a Lossy Transmission Line -- 5.1.2 Terminated Transmission Line -- 5.1.3 Classification of Transmission Lines -- 5.1.4 Surface Currents -- 5.2 Coaxial Transmission Line -- 5.2.1 Characteristic Properties -- 5.2.2 Losses and Limits of Coaxial Lines -- 5.3 Rectangular Waveguides -- 5.3.1 TE Waves -- 5.3.2 TM Waves -- 5.3.3 Attenuation in Rectangular Waveguides -- 5.3.4 Fundamental TE10 Wave -- 5.4 Circular Waveguides -- 5.4.1 Fields in Circular Waveguides -- 5.4.2 TM Waves -- 5.4.3 TE Waves -- 5.4.4 Loss in Circular Waveguides -- 5.5 Multimode Waveguides -- 5.5.1 Number of Modes Propagating -- 5.5.2 Multimode Propagation -- 5.5.3 TE11 Mode in Overmoded Circular Waveguides -- 5.6 Corrugated Circular Waveguides -- 5.6.1 Fields of Corrugated Circular Waveguides -- 5.6.2 Characteristics of HE11 Hybrid Mode -- 5.7 Gaussian Beams -- 5.7.1 Solution of Approximate Wave Equation -- 5.7.2 Transformation of Gaussian Beams.
5.7.3 Lenses and Curved Mirrors -- 5.7.4 Truncation of Gaussian Beams -- 5.7.5 Coupling Coefficient for Fundamental Gaussian Beams -- 5.8 Vacuum Windows -- 5.8.1 Single-Disk Window -- 5.8.2 Half-Wave Window -- 5.8.3 Thin Window -- 5.8.4 Antireflection Coating -- References -- 6 Radiation Generation and Detection -- 6.1 Signal Sources -- 6.1.1 Backward-Wave Oscillator -- 6.1.2 Solid-State Oscillators -- 6.1.2.1 Gunn Oscillator -- 6.1.2.2 IMPATT Oscillator -- 6.1.3 Multiplier Chain -- 6.2 Antennas -- 6.2.1 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.2 Antenna Temperature -- 6.2.3 Pyramidal Horn -- 6.2.4 Conical Horn -- 6.2.5 Excitation of Gaussian Beams -- 6.2.6 Antenna Arrays -- 6.3 Detection -- 6.3.1 Overview and Classification -- 6.3.2 Bolometer -- 6.3.3 Hot Electron Bolometer -- 6.3.4 Noise Equivalent Power, NEP -- 6.3.5 Schottky Diode -- 6.3.6 Schottky Diode Frequency Multiplier -- 6.3.7 Diode Direct Detector -- 6.3.8 Schottky Detector Noise -- 6.4 Heterodyne Detection -- 6.4.1 Square-Law Mixer -- 6.4.2 Diode Mixer -- 6.4.3 Two-Port Mixer -- 6.4.4 Mixer Construction -- 6.5 Thermal Noise -- 6.5.1 Noise Temperature -- 6.5.2 Noise Figure -- 6.5.3 Noise Temperature of Cascaded Systems -- 6.5.4 Mixer Noise Temperature -- 6.5.5 Noise Temperature of Heterodyne Receiver -- 6.5.6 Measurement of Noise Temperature -- 6.6 Sensitivity Limits -- 6.6.1 Shot Noise Term -- 6.6.2 Thermal Radiation Term -- 6.6.3 Influence of Bandwidth -- 6.6.4 Noise-Equivalent Power, Incoherent Detection -- 6.6.5 Noise-Equivalent Power, Coherent Detection -- 6.6.6 Minimum Detectable Temperature -- 6.7 Correlation Radiometry -- 6.7.1 Intensity Fluctuations -- 6.7.2 Cross-Correlation Function -- 6.7.3 Intensity Fluctuations and Coherence -- 6.7.4 van Cittert-Zernike Theorem -- 6.7.5 Intensity Interferometer -- 6.7.6 Accuracy of Cross-Correlation Measurements -- 6.7.7 Alternative Decorrelation.
References -- 7 Components and Subsystems -- 7.1 Two-Port Characterization -- 7.1.1 Scattering Parameters -- 7.1.2 Transmission and Reflection -- 7.1.3 Directional Coupler -- 7.1.4 Nonreciprocal Devices -- 7.2 Network-Analysis Measuring Techniques -- 7.2.1 Transmission Measurement -- 7.2.2 Reflection Measurement -- 7.2.3 Substitution Measurement -- 7.2.4 Measurements Using Noise Sources -- 7.3 Frequency- and Polarization-Selective Filters -- 7.3.1 General Definitions -- 7.3.2 Waveguide Band-Stop Filter -- 7.3.3 Band-Pass Filter in Overmoded Waveguide -- 7.3.4 Metallic Meshes -- 7.3.5 Polarization Filters -- 7.4 Phase Measurement -- 7.4.1 Phase Measurements with Analog Output -- 7.4.2 All-Digital Phase Measurement -- 7.4.3 Phase Determination by Software -- 7.5 Signal Linearity -- 7.5.1 Gain Compression -- 7.5.2 Intermodulation -- 7.6 Frequency Stability -- 7.6.1 Control Loop Components -- 7.6.2 PLL Circuits in the Millimeter-Wave Range -- 7.6.3 Comments on the Theoretical Concept -- References -- 8 Architecture of Realized Millimeter-Wave Diagnostic Systems -- 8.1 Interferometer -- 8.1.1 Comments on Wavelength -- 8.1.2 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer -- 8.1.3 Mach-Zehnder Heterodyne Interferometer -- 8.1.4 Frequency Stability -- 8.1.5 Path Length Variations -- 8.1.6 Swept Frequency Interferometer -- 8.1.7 Multichannel Interferometer -- 8.2 Polarimeter -- 8.2.1 Evolution of the Polarization State -- 8.2.2 Modulation Techniques -- 8.2.2.1 Modulation Scheme 1 -- 8.2.2.2 Modulation Scheme 2 -- 8.2.2.3 Modulation Scheme 3 -- 8.2.3 Faraday Polarimeter -- 8.2.4 Cotton-Mouton Polarimeter -- 8.3 Reflectometer -- 8.3.1 Swept Single-Frequency System -- 8.3.2 Multifrequency Systems -- 8.3.3 Pulse Radar Technique -- 8.3.4 Ultrashort Pulse Radar -- 8.3.5 Distance Calibration and Spurious Reflections -- 8.3.6 Comments on Fluctuation Measurements.
8.3.7 Doppler Reflectometry -- 8.3.8 Imaging Reflectometry -- 8.4 Radiometry of Electron Cyclotron Emission -- 8.4.1 General Requirements -- 8.4.2 Michelson Interferometer -- 8.4.3 Martin-Puplett Polarizing Interferometer -- 8.4.4 Grating Spectrometer -- 8.4.5 Heterodyne Radiometers -- 8.4.6 ECE Imaging -- 8.4.7 System Parameters -- 8.4.8 Calibration -- 8.5 Detection of Electron Bernstein Wave Emission -- 8.6 Coherent Scattering -- 8.7 Summarizing Comments -- References -- Appendix A: Symbols and Constants -- Appendix B: Formulas and Calculations -- B.1 Functions Qij -- B.2 Cold-Plasma Limit -- B.3 FLR Approximation -- B.4 Warm-Plasma Approximation -- B.5 Waveguide Attenuation -- B.6 Metallic Mesh Transmission -- References -- Appendix C: Tables and Material Constants -- C.1 Waveguides, Technical Data -- C.2 Waveguides, Theoretical Relations -- C.3 Dielectric Materials, Electrical Data -- C.4 Dielectric Materials, Mechanical Data -- C.5 Dielectric Materials, Names -- C.6 Gunn Oscillators -- References -- Index.
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Intro -- Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with mm-Waves -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Fusion Research -- 1.1 Reaction Scheme -- 1.2 Magnetic Plasma Confinement -- 1.2.1 Tokamak -- 1.2.2 Stellarator -- 1.2.3 Physics Issues of Magnetic Confinement -- 1.2.4 Plasma Heating -- 1.3 Plasma Diagnostic -- 1.3.1 Generic Arrangements -- 1.3.2 Microwave Diagnostics -- References -- 2 Millimeter-Waves in Plasmas -- 2.1 Basic Equations -- 2.2 Plasma Dielectric Tensor, General Properties -- 2.3 Dielectric Tensor from Kinetic Theory -- 2.4 Cold-Plasma Limit -- 2.5 Derivation within Fluid Description -- 2.6 Discussion of Cold-Plasma Dispersion Relations -- 2.6.1 Nonmagnetized Plasma, B0 = 0 -- 2.6.2 Magnetized Plasma, Parallel Propagation, k||B0 -- 2.6.3 Magnetized Plasma, Perpendicular Propagation, k | B0 -- 2.6.4 Slightly Oblique Propagation -- 2.7 Finite-Temperature Correction to Cold-Plasma Dielectric Tensor -- 2.7.1 Finite Larmor Radius Expansion -- 2.7.2 Warm-Plasma Approximation -- 2.7.3 Relativistic Corrections -- 2.8 Inhomogeneous Plasma -- 2.8.1 WKB Approximation -- 2.8.2 Refraction -- 2.8.3 Ray Tracing -- 2.9 Finite-Size Probing Beam -- 2.9.1 Gaussian Beam Description -- 2.10 Radiation Transfer -- 2.10.1 Transparent Plasma -- 2.10.2 Plasma Emitting and Absorbing -- 2.10.3 Multiple Chords, Imaging -- References -- 3 Active Diagnostics -- 3.1 Interferometry -- 3.1.1 Single-Chord Interferometry -- 3.1.2 Multiple Chords -- 3.2 Polarimetry -- 3.2.1 Faraday Effect -- 3.2.2 Cotton-Mouton Effect -- 3.2.3 Common Generalized Description -- 3.3 Reflectometry -- 3.3.1 Time Delay Measurement -- 3.3.2 Phase Change at Cutoff -- 3.3.3 Profile Reconstruction -- 3.3.4 Localization of Reflecting Layer -- 3.3.5 Relativistic Corrections -- 3.3.6 Influence of Density Fluctuations -- 3.4 Scattering -- 3.4.1 Single-Particle Thomson Scattering -- 3.4.2 Doppler Shift.

3.4.3 Incoherent Scattering -- 3.4.4 Relativistic Incoherent Scattering Spectrum -- 3.4.5 Role of Density Fluctuations -- 3.4.6 Coherent Scattering -- 3.4.7 Electron and Ion Feature -- 3.4.8 Summarizing Comments -- References -- 4 Passive Diagnostics -- 4.1 Bremsstrahlung -- 4.2 Electron Cyclotron Emission -- 4.2.1 Electron Motion in a Static B-Field -- 4.2.2 Electric Field and Spectrum, Single Electron -- 4.2.3 Perpendicular Observation, Characteristic Modes -- 4.2.4 Spectrum, Electron Ensemble -- 4.2.5 Absorption Coefficient -- 4.2.6 Emission Profile -- 4.2.7 B0-Field Varying along Sightline -- 4.2.8 Optical Depth of Most Relevant Modes -- 4.2.9 Visibility Depth and Localization -- 4.2.10 Electron Cyclotron Absorption Measurement -- 4.3 Electron Bernstein Wave Emission -- 4.3.1 Electron Bernstein Waves -- 4.3.2 Mode Conversion -- References -- 5 Guided Waves -- 5.1 Transmission Line Properties -- 5.1.1 Waves on a Lossy Transmission Line -- 5.1.2 Terminated Transmission Line -- 5.1.3 Classification of Transmission Lines -- 5.1.4 Surface Currents -- 5.2 Coaxial Transmission Line -- 5.2.1 Characteristic Properties -- 5.2.2 Losses and Limits of Coaxial Lines -- 5.3 Rectangular Waveguides -- 5.3.1 TE Waves -- 5.3.2 TM Waves -- 5.3.3 Attenuation in Rectangular Waveguides -- 5.3.4 Fundamental TE10 Wave -- 5.4 Circular Waveguides -- 5.4.1 Fields in Circular Waveguides -- 5.4.2 TM Waves -- 5.4.3 TE Waves -- 5.4.4 Loss in Circular Waveguides -- 5.5 Multimode Waveguides -- 5.5.1 Number of Modes Propagating -- 5.5.2 Multimode Propagation -- 5.5.3 TE11 Mode in Overmoded Circular Waveguides -- 5.6 Corrugated Circular Waveguides -- 5.6.1 Fields of Corrugated Circular Waveguides -- 5.6.2 Characteristics of HE11 Hybrid Mode -- 5.7 Gaussian Beams -- 5.7.1 Solution of Approximate Wave Equation -- 5.7.2 Transformation of Gaussian Beams.

5.7.3 Lenses and Curved Mirrors -- 5.7.4 Truncation of Gaussian Beams -- 5.7.5 Coupling Coefficient for Fundamental Gaussian Beams -- 5.8 Vacuum Windows -- 5.8.1 Single-Disk Window -- 5.8.2 Half-Wave Window -- 5.8.3 Thin Window -- 5.8.4 Antireflection Coating -- References -- 6 Radiation Generation and Detection -- 6.1 Signal Sources -- 6.1.1 Backward-Wave Oscillator -- 6.1.2 Solid-State Oscillators -- 6.1.2.1 Gunn Oscillator -- 6.1.2.2 IMPATT Oscillator -- 6.1.3 Multiplier Chain -- 6.2 Antennas -- 6.2.1 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.2 Antenna Temperature -- 6.2.3 Pyramidal Horn -- 6.2.4 Conical Horn -- 6.2.5 Excitation of Gaussian Beams -- 6.2.6 Antenna Arrays -- 6.3 Detection -- 6.3.1 Overview and Classification -- 6.3.2 Bolometer -- 6.3.3 Hot Electron Bolometer -- 6.3.4 Noise Equivalent Power, NEP -- 6.3.5 Schottky Diode -- 6.3.6 Schottky Diode Frequency Multiplier -- 6.3.7 Diode Direct Detector -- 6.3.8 Schottky Detector Noise -- 6.4 Heterodyne Detection -- 6.4.1 Square-Law Mixer -- 6.4.2 Diode Mixer -- 6.4.3 Two-Port Mixer -- 6.4.4 Mixer Construction -- 6.5 Thermal Noise -- 6.5.1 Noise Temperature -- 6.5.2 Noise Figure -- 6.5.3 Noise Temperature of Cascaded Systems -- 6.5.4 Mixer Noise Temperature -- 6.5.5 Noise Temperature of Heterodyne Receiver -- 6.5.6 Measurement of Noise Temperature -- 6.6 Sensitivity Limits -- 6.6.1 Shot Noise Term -- 6.6.2 Thermal Radiation Term -- 6.6.3 Influence of Bandwidth -- 6.6.4 Noise-Equivalent Power, Incoherent Detection -- 6.6.5 Noise-Equivalent Power, Coherent Detection -- 6.6.6 Minimum Detectable Temperature -- 6.7 Correlation Radiometry -- 6.7.1 Intensity Fluctuations -- 6.7.2 Cross-Correlation Function -- 6.7.3 Intensity Fluctuations and Coherence -- 6.7.4 van Cittert-Zernike Theorem -- 6.7.5 Intensity Interferometer -- 6.7.6 Accuracy of Cross-Correlation Measurements -- 6.7.7 Alternative Decorrelation.

References -- 7 Components and Subsystems -- 7.1 Two-Port Characterization -- 7.1.1 Scattering Parameters -- 7.1.2 Transmission and Reflection -- 7.1.3 Directional Coupler -- 7.1.4 Nonreciprocal Devices -- 7.2 Network-Analysis Measuring Techniques -- 7.2.1 Transmission Measurement -- 7.2.2 Reflection Measurement -- 7.2.3 Substitution Measurement -- 7.2.4 Measurements Using Noise Sources -- 7.3 Frequency- and Polarization-Selective Filters -- 7.3.1 General Definitions -- 7.3.2 Waveguide Band-Stop Filter -- 7.3.3 Band-Pass Filter in Overmoded Waveguide -- 7.3.4 Metallic Meshes -- 7.3.5 Polarization Filters -- 7.4 Phase Measurement -- 7.4.1 Phase Measurements with Analog Output -- 7.4.2 All-Digital Phase Measurement -- 7.4.3 Phase Determination by Software -- 7.5 Signal Linearity -- 7.5.1 Gain Compression -- 7.5.2 Intermodulation -- 7.6 Frequency Stability -- 7.6.1 Control Loop Components -- 7.6.2 PLL Circuits in the Millimeter-Wave Range -- 7.6.3 Comments on the Theoretical Concept -- References -- 8 Architecture of Realized Millimeter-Wave Diagnostic Systems -- 8.1 Interferometer -- 8.1.1 Comments on Wavelength -- 8.1.2 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer -- 8.1.3 Mach-Zehnder Heterodyne Interferometer -- 8.1.4 Frequency Stability -- 8.1.5 Path Length Variations -- 8.1.6 Swept Frequency Interferometer -- 8.1.7 Multichannel Interferometer -- 8.2 Polarimeter -- 8.2.1 Evolution of the Polarization State -- 8.2.2 Modulation Techniques -- 8.2.2.1 Modulation Scheme 1 -- 8.2.2.2 Modulation Scheme 2 -- 8.2.2.3 Modulation Scheme 3 -- 8.2.3 Faraday Polarimeter -- 8.2.4 Cotton-Mouton Polarimeter -- 8.3 Reflectometer -- 8.3.1 Swept Single-Frequency System -- 8.3.2 Multifrequency Systems -- 8.3.3 Pulse Radar Technique -- 8.3.4 Ultrashort Pulse Radar -- 8.3.5 Distance Calibration and Spurious Reflections -- 8.3.6 Comments on Fluctuation Measurements.

8.3.7 Doppler Reflectometry -- 8.3.8 Imaging Reflectometry -- 8.4 Radiometry of Electron Cyclotron Emission -- 8.4.1 General Requirements -- 8.4.2 Michelson Interferometer -- 8.4.3 Martin-Puplett Polarizing Interferometer -- 8.4.4 Grating Spectrometer -- 8.4.5 Heterodyne Radiometers -- 8.4.6 ECE Imaging -- 8.4.7 System Parameters -- 8.4.8 Calibration -- 8.5 Detection of Electron Bernstein Wave Emission -- 8.6 Coherent Scattering -- 8.7 Summarizing Comments -- References -- Appendix A: Symbols and Constants -- Appendix B: Formulas and Calculations -- B.1 Functions Qij -- B.2 Cold-Plasma Limit -- B.3 FLR Approximation -- B.4 Warm-Plasma Approximation -- B.5 Waveguide Attenuation -- B.6 Metallic Mesh Transmission -- References -- Appendix C: Tables and Material Constants -- C.1 Waveguides, Technical Data -- C.2 Waveguides, Theoretical Relations -- C.3 Dielectric Materials, Electrical Data -- C.4 Dielectric Materials, Mechanical Data -- C.5 Dielectric Materials, Names -- C.6 Gunn Oscillators -- References -- Index.

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