Basic Statistics for Social Research.

Intro -- BASIC STATISTICS FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Preface -- About the Authors -- PART I UNIVARIATE DESCRIPTION -- Chapter 1 Using Statistics -- Why Study Statistics? -- Tasks for Statistics: Describing, Inferring, Testing, Predicting -- Describing Variation and Covariation -- Inferring to the Population -- Testing Hypotheses -- Predicting -- Statistics in the Research Process -- Theories and Social Research -- The Research Report -- Basic Elements of Research: Units of Analysis and Variables -- Units of Analysis -- Variables -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 2 Displaying One Distribution -- Summarizing Variation in One Variable -- Frequency Distributions for Nominal Variables -- Frequency Chart Rules -- Relative Frequencies (Percentages and Proportions) -- Graphical Displays -- Frequency Distributions for Ordinal Variables -- Frequency Chart Rules -- Valid Frequencies (or in SPSS, Valid Percent) -- Cumulative Relative Frequencies -- Graphical Displays -- Frequency Distributions for Interval/Ratio Variables -- Forming Categories -- Frequency Chart Rules -- Graphical Displays -- Summarizing Data Using Excel -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 3 Central Tendency -- The Basic Idea of Central Tendency -- The Mode -- The Mode and Nominal Data -- The Mode and Ordinal Data -- The Mode and Interval/Ratio Data -- The Median -- The Median and Ordinal Data -- The Median and Interval/Ratio Data -- The Mean -- The Mean and Interval/Ratio Data -- Working with the Mean -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 4 Dispersion -- The Basic Idea of Dispersion -- Dispersion of Categorical Data -- The Proportion in Nonmodal Categories -- Index of Qualitative Variation -- Segregation Index (or Index of Dissimilarity).

Dispersion of Interval/Ratio Data -- The Range -- The Interquartile Range -- Mean Absolute Deviation -- Variance -- Standard Deviation -- Coefficient of Variation -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 5 Describing the Shape of a Distribution -- The Basic Ideas of Distributional Shape -- The Shape of Nominal and Ordinal Distributions -- Visualizing Shape with the Box-and-Whiskers Plot -- Unimodality -- The Basic Idea -- Applying the Idea -- Skewness -- The Basic Idea -- Statistical Measures of Skewness -- Kurtosis -- The Basic Idea -- Statistical Measures of Kurtosis -- Using Excel to Calculate Skewness and Kurtosis -- Some Common Distributional Shapes -- Equal Probabilities -- Exponential Distributions -- Some Statistical Distributions: Z, t, F, and Chi-Squared -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 6 The Normal Distribution -- Introduction to the Normal Distribution -- Properties of Normal Distributions -- Range -- Symmetry -- Unimodality -- Shape -- The Standard Normal, or Z, Distribution -- Properties of the Z Distribution -- Z-Scores Defined -- Working with Standard Normal (Z) Scores -- Calculating Standard Normal (Z) Scores -- Finding the Percentile of a Score Using Z-Scores -- Finding Areas "Under the Curve" -- Areas Beyond (More Extreme Than) a Score -- Areas between the Mean and a Score -- Areas between Two Scores -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- PART II INFERENCE AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING -- Chapter 7 Basic Ideas of Statistical Inference -- Introduction to Statistical Inference -- The Basic Problem of Inferential Statistics -- Uses of Inferential Statistics -- Sampling Concepts -- Kinds of Probability Sampling -- Sampling Error -- Sampling Distributions -- Standard Errors -- Central Tendency Estimates -- Point Estimates -- Bias and Efficiency.

Standard Error of the Mean -- Standard Error of a Proportion -- Assessing Confidence in Point Estimates -- Selecting an Alpha Level -- Confidence Intervals -- Confidence Intervals for Means -- Confidence Intervals for Proportions -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing for One Sample -- Hypothesis Testing -- The Testing Process -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: Calculating Test Statistics -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- Tests about One Mean -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: The t-Test -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- Tests about One Proportion -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: The Test Statistic -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples -- Comparing Two Groups -- Comparing Two Groups' Means -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: Computing Test Statistics: Z and t -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- Comparing Two Groups' Proportions -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: Computing Test Statistics: Z and t -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- Nonindependent Samples -- Research Designs with Nonindependent Samples -- Nonindependent Samples Test for Difference in Mean Differences -- Using Excel for Two-Sample Tests -- Unpaired or Independent t-Tests -- Paired Sample t-Tests -- Tests of Proportions -- Excel Wizardry -- Interpreting Group Differences.

The Power of Tests -- Significance and "Significance" -- Effect Sizes -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 10 Multiple Sample Tests of Proportions: Chi-Squared -- Comparing Proportions across Several Groups -- Testing for Multiple Group Differences -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypothesis -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Step 5: Calculating the Pearson Chi-Squared Test of Independence -- Step 6: Making a Decision -- Describing Group Differences -- The Strength of Group Differences -- The Form of Group Differences -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 11 Multiple Sample Tests for Means: One-Way ANOVA -- Comparing Several Group Means with Analysis of Variance -- Analyzing Variance and the F-Test -- Step 1: Null Hypothesis -- Step 2: Alternative Hypotheses -- Step 3: Assumptions -- Step 4: Selecting an Error Level -- Analyzing Variance -- Sum of Squares Total -- Sum of Squares between Groups -- Sum of Squares within Groups -- Eta-Squared -- The F-Test -- Calculating the F-Statistic -- Mean Squares -- Degrees of Freedom -- Making a Decision -- Comparing Means -- Post Hoc Tests -- Interpreting the Scheffé Test -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- PART III ASSOCIATION AND PREDICTION -- Chapter 12 Association with Categorical Variables -- The Concept of Statistical Association -- Association with Nominal Variables -- Visualizing Nominal Association -- Significance Testing for Nominal Association -- The Strength of Nominal Association -- The Form of Nominal Association -- Association with Ordinal Variables -- Visualizing Ordinal Association -- Significance Testing for Ordinal Association -- The Strength of Ordinal Association -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES.

Chapter 13 Association of Interval/Ratio Variables -- Visualizing Interval/Ratio Association -- Preparing a Scatter Plot -- Seeing Association in a Scatter Plot -- Linear and Nonlinear Association -- Significance Testing for Interval/Ratio Association -- Null Hypothesis -- Alternative Hypotheses -- Assumptions -- Selecting an Error Level -- Calculating the Test Statistic -- Making a Decision -- Strength of Interval/Ratio Association -- The Form of Linear Interval/Ratio Association -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 14 Regression Analysis -- Predicting Outcomes with Regression -- Simple Linear Regression -- The Regression Equation -- Using Excel to Do the Calculations -- Hypothesis Tests in Regression -- Regression Assumptions -- The Error Term: Examining Residuals -- Applying Simple Regression Analysis -- Multiple Regression -- Estimating Multiple Regression with Ordinary Least Squares -- Hypotheses in Multiple Regression -- The Estimated Regression Equation -- Extending Multiple Regression -- Applying Multiple Regression -- Controlling for a Possible Spurious Effect -- Controlling for a Potential Intervening Variable -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- Chapter 15 Logistic Regression Analysis -- Predicting with Nonlinear Relationships -- Logistic Regression -- The Logistic Regression Model -- Interpreting Effects in Logistic Regression -- Estimating Logistic Regression Models with Maximum Likelihood -- Applying Logistic Regression -- Goodness of Fit in Logistic Regression -- Assessing Partial Effects -- Extending Logistic Regression -- SUMMARY -- KEY TERMS -- CHECK QUIZ ANSWERS -- EXERCISES -- APPENDIX -- Chi-Squared Distribution: Critical Values for Commonly Used Alpha=0.05 and Alpha=0.01 -- F-Distribution: Critical Values for Commonly Used Alpha=0.05 and Alpha=0.01.

Standard Normal Scores (Z-Scores), and Cumulative Probabilities (Proportion of Cases Having Scores below Z).

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.