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Metabolic Regulation : A Human Perspective.

By: Material type: TextTextSeries: New York Academy of Sciences SeriesPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010Copyright date: ©2010Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (388 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9781444317763
Subject(s): Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Metabolic RegulationLOC classification:
  • QP171 .F73 2010
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. The Underlying Principles of Human Metabolism -- 1.1 Metabolic Regulation in Perspective -- 1.2 The Chemistry of Food - and of Bodies -- 1.2.1 Some Important Chemical Concepts -- 1.2.1.1 Polarity -- 1.2.1.2 Osmosis -- 1.2.2 The Chemical Characteristics of Macronutrients -- 1.2.2.1 Carbohydrates -- 1.2.2.2 Fats -- 1.2.2.3 Proteins -- 1.3 Some Physiological Concepts -- 1.3.1 Circulation, Capillaries, Interstitial Fluid -- 1.3.2 Blood, Blood Plasma and Serum -- 1.3.3 Lymph and Lymphatics -- Further Reading -- 2. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Metabolic Regulation -- 2.1 How is Metabolic Regulation Achieved? -- 2.2 Metabolic Regulation Brought About by the Characteristics of Tissues -- 2.2.1 Movement of Substances Across Membranes -- 2.2.1.1 Glucose Transport -- 2.2.1.2 Amino Acids -- 2.2.1.3 Fatty Acids -- 2.2.1.4 Cholesterol -- 2.2.1.5 Small Polar Molecules -- 2.2.1.6 Water and Glycerol -- 2.3 Hormones and Short-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- Further Reading -- 3. Digestion and Intestinal Absorption -- 3.1 The Strategy of Digestion -- 3.1.1 Carbohydrates -- 3.1.2 Fats -- 3.1.3 Proteins and Amino Acids -- 3.2 Stages of Digestion -- 3.2.1 The Mouth -- 3.2.2 The Stomach -- 3.2.2.1 General Description -- 3.2.2.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Stomach -- 3.2.2.3 Digestive Processes in the Stomach -- 3.2.3 The Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.1 General Description -- 3.2.3.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.3 Digestive Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.3.1 Starch Digestion -- 3.2.3.3.2 Protein Digestion -- 3.2.3.3.3 Fat Digestion -- 3.3 Absorption from the Small Intestine -- 3.3.1 Monosaccharides -- 3.3.2 Amino Acids and Peptides -- 3.3.3 Lipid Absorption -- 3.3.4 Other Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine.
3.4 The Large Intestine -- Further Reading -- 4. Longer-Term Regulation of Metabolism -- 4.1 Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- 4.2 Hormones and Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- 4.2.1 Insulin and Control of Gene Expression -- 4.2.2 Steroid and Thyroid Hormones -- 4.3 Nutrients and Control of Gene Expression -- 4.3.1 Carbohydrate Responsive Genes -- 4.3.2 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression -- 4.3.3 Cholesterol and Gene Expression -- 4.3.4 Amino Acids and Gene Expression -- 4.3.5 Regulation of Oxidative Metabolism by Gene Expression -- Further Reading -- 5. Organs and Tissues -- 5.1 The Liver -- 5.1.1 General Description of the Liver and its Anatomy -- 5.1.2 Liver Metabolism -- 5.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.1.2.1.1 Fed Conditions -- 5.1.2.1.2 Overnight Fasted Conditions -- 5.1.2.1.3 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway -- 5.1.2.2 Fat Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.1.2.2.1 Fatty Acid Oxidation -- 5.1.2.2.2 Lipid Synthesis -- 5.1.2.2.3 Longer-Term Control of Hepatic Fat Metabolism -- 5.1.2.2.4 Other Roles of the Liver in Fat Metabolism -- 5.1.2.3 Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.2 The Brain -- 5.3 Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.1 General Description and Structure of Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.2 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle: General Features -- 5.3.3 Routes of ATP Generation in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.3.1 Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.3.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.4 The Heart -- 5.5 Adipose Tissue -- 5.5.1 White and Brown Adipose Tissue -- 5.5.2 Brown Adipose Tissue and the Concept of "Uncoupling" -- 5.5.3 White Adipose Tissue Metabolism -- 5.5.3.1 Fat Storage -- 5.5.3.2 Fat Mobilization -- 5.5.3.3 Adipocyte Differentiation and Longer-Term Regulation of Fat Storage -- 5.5.3.4 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ -- 5.6 The Kidneys -- 5.6.1 General Description -- 5.6.2 The Scale of Kidney Function.
5.6.3 Energy Metabolism in the Kidney -- 5.7 Endothelial Cells and Other Cell Types -- 5.7.1 The Endothelium - A Large Organ Distributed Throughout the Body -- 5.7.2 Rapidly Dividing Cells -- 5.7.3 Macrophages -- Further Reading -- 6. Important Endocrine Organs and Hormones -- 6.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones -- 6.2 The Pancreas -- 6.2.1 General Description of the Pancreas and its Anatomy -- 6.2.2 Insulin -- 6.2.3 Glucagon -- 6.3 The Pituitary Gland -- 6.3.1 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) -- 6.3.2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) -- 6.4 The Thyroid Gland -- 6.5 The Adrenal Glands -- 6.5.1 The Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol Secretion -- 6.5.2 The Adrenal Medulla, Adrenaline Secretion, and Adrenaline Action -- 6.6 "Metabolic Tissues" that Secrete Hormones -- 6.6.1 Adipose Tissue -- 6.6.2 Heart -- 6.6.3 Kidney -- 6.6.4 Skeletal Muscle -- 6.6.5 The Intestine -- Further Reading -- 7. Integration of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Normal Daily Life -- 7.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 7.1.1 The Postabsorptive State -- 7.1.2 Breakfast -- 7.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver After Breakfast -- 7.1.2.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Other Tissues After Breakfast -- 7.1.2.3 Disposal of Glucose After a Meal -- 7.2 Fat Metabolism -- 7.2.1 Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acids -- 7.2.2 Plasma Triacylglycerol -- 7.2.3 The Postabsorptive State -- 7.2.4 Breakfast -- 7.2.4.1 Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Metabolism After Breakfast -- 7.2.4.2 Triacylglycerol -- 7.3 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism -- 7.3.1 General Features -- 7.3.2 Some Particular Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.3.2.1 Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids, and Other Metabolically Distinct Groups of Amino Acids -- 7.3.2.2 Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.3.2.3 Alanine and Glutamine.
7.3.3 The Overall Control of Protein Synthesis and Breakdown -- 7.4 Links Between Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.4.1 Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism -- 7.4.1.1 Lipogenesis -- 7.4.1.2 Metabolic Interactions Between Fatty Acids and Glucose: the Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle -- 7.4.2 Interactions Between Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism: the Glucose-Alanine Cycle and Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acid -- 7.5 Blood Flow and the Integration of Metabolism -- 7.6 An Integrated View of Metabolism: a Metabolic Diary -- 7.6.1 The Postabsorptive State: Waking Up -- 7.6.2 Breakfast Goes Down -- 7.6.3 Another Meal Follows -- 7.6.4 An Energetic Day -- 7.7 Summary: Metabolic Control in a Physiological Setting -- Further Reading -- 8. The Nervous System and Metabolism -- 8.1 Outline of the Nervous System as it Relates to Metabolism -- 8.1.1 The Nerve Cell -- 8.1.2 The Wiring Diagram -- 8.2 Basic Physiology of the Nervous System -- 8.2.1 The Brain -- 8.2.1.1 The Hypothalamus -- 8.2.1.2 The Cerebellum and Brainstem -- 8.2.2 The Autonomic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.2 The Parasympathetic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.3 The Somatic Nervous System -- 8.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors -- 8.2.3.1 Adrenergic Transmission -- 8.2.3.2 Cholinergic Transmission -- 8.3 Major Effects of Adrenergic Stimulation -- 8.3.1 Stimuli for Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Adrenal Medulla -- 8.3.2 Circulatory Effects of Adrenergic Activation -- 8.3.3 Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines -- 8.3.3.1 Glycogenolysis -- 8.3.3.2 Lipolysis -- 8.3.3.3 Glucose Utilization -- 8.4 Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System on Hormone Secretion -- 8.5 Summary -- Further Reading -- 9. Coping with Some Extreme Situations -- 9.1 Situations in Which the Body Needs to Call on its Fuel Stores -- 9.2 The Body's Fuel Stores -- 9.2.1 Carbohydrate.
9.2.2 Fat -- 9.2.3 Amino Acids -- 9.3 Starvation -- 9.3.1 The Early Phase -- 9.3.2 The Period of Adaptation to Starvation -- 9.3.2.1 Hormonal Changes -- 9.3.2.2 Adaptation of Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Glucose Metabolism -- 9.3.2.3 Sparing of Muscle Protein -- 9.3.2.4 Kidney Metabolism -- 9.3.3 The Period of Adapted Starvation -- 9.4 Exercise -- 9.4.1 Types of Exercise -- 9.4.2 Intensity of Exercise -- 9.4.3 Metabolic Regulation During Anaerobic Exercise -- 9.4.4 Metabolic Regulation During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.5 Nervous System and Cardiovascular Responses During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.6 Other Hormonal Responses During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise -- 9.4.8 Fat Metabolism During Endurance Exercise -- 9.4.9 The Effects of Training -- Further Reading -- 10. Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.1 Introduction to Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.2 Outline of the Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.2.1 Chylomicron Metabolism - the Exogenous Pathway -- 10.2.2 VLDL and LDL Metabolism -- 10.2.2.1 VLDL Metabolism - the Endogenous Pathway -- 10.2.2.2 LDL Metabolism and Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Content -- 10.2.3 HDL Metabolism -- 10.2.3.1 HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport -- 10.2.3.2 Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein -- 10.3 Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.3.1 Insulin and Triacylglycerol Metabolism -- 10.3.2 Relationship Between Plasma Triacylglycerol and HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations -- 10.3.3 Cholesterol Homeostasis -- 10.4 Disturbances of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.4.1 Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis -- 10.4.2 Conditions Leading to Elevation of the Blood Cholesterol Concentration -- 10.4.2.1 Primary Hyperlipoproteinemias -- 10.4.2.2 Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemias -- 10.4.3 HDL-Cholesterol, Plasma Triacylglycerol, and Coronary Heart Disease -- Further Reading -- 11. Diabetes Mellitus.
11.1 Different Types of Diabetes.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. The Underlying Principles of Human Metabolism -- 1.1 Metabolic Regulation in Perspective -- 1.2 The Chemistry of Food - and of Bodies -- 1.2.1 Some Important Chemical Concepts -- 1.2.1.1 Polarity -- 1.2.1.2 Osmosis -- 1.2.2 The Chemical Characteristics of Macronutrients -- 1.2.2.1 Carbohydrates -- 1.2.2.2 Fats -- 1.2.2.3 Proteins -- 1.3 Some Physiological Concepts -- 1.3.1 Circulation, Capillaries, Interstitial Fluid -- 1.3.2 Blood, Blood Plasma and Serum -- 1.3.3 Lymph and Lymphatics -- Further Reading -- 2. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Metabolic Regulation -- 2.1 How is Metabolic Regulation Achieved? -- 2.2 Metabolic Regulation Brought About by the Characteristics of Tissues -- 2.2.1 Movement of Substances Across Membranes -- 2.2.1.1 Glucose Transport -- 2.2.1.2 Amino Acids -- 2.2.1.3 Fatty Acids -- 2.2.1.4 Cholesterol -- 2.2.1.5 Small Polar Molecules -- 2.2.1.6 Water and Glycerol -- 2.3 Hormones and Short-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- Further Reading -- 3. Digestion and Intestinal Absorption -- 3.1 The Strategy of Digestion -- 3.1.1 Carbohydrates -- 3.1.2 Fats -- 3.1.3 Proteins and Amino Acids -- 3.2 Stages of Digestion -- 3.2.1 The Mouth -- 3.2.2 The Stomach -- 3.2.2.1 General Description -- 3.2.2.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Stomach -- 3.2.2.3 Digestive Processes in the Stomach -- 3.2.3 The Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.1 General Description -- 3.2.3.2 Regulation of Digestive Processes in the Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.3 Digestive Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine -- 3.2.3.3.1 Starch Digestion -- 3.2.3.3.2 Protein Digestion -- 3.2.3.3.3 Fat Digestion -- 3.3 Absorption from the Small Intestine -- 3.3.1 Monosaccharides -- 3.3.2 Amino Acids and Peptides -- 3.3.3 Lipid Absorption -- 3.3.4 Other Processes Occurring in the Small Intestine.

3.4 The Large Intestine -- Further Reading -- 4. Longer-Term Regulation of Metabolism -- 4.1 Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- 4.2 Hormones and Longer-Term Control of Enzyme Activity -- 4.2.1 Insulin and Control of Gene Expression -- 4.2.2 Steroid and Thyroid Hormones -- 4.3 Nutrients and Control of Gene Expression -- 4.3.1 Carbohydrate Responsive Genes -- 4.3.2 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression -- 4.3.3 Cholesterol and Gene Expression -- 4.3.4 Amino Acids and Gene Expression -- 4.3.5 Regulation of Oxidative Metabolism by Gene Expression -- Further Reading -- 5. Organs and Tissues -- 5.1 The Liver -- 5.1.1 General Description of the Liver and its Anatomy -- 5.1.2 Liver Metabolism -- 5.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.1.2.1.1 Fed Conditions -- 5.1.2.1.2 Overnight Fasted Conditions -- 5.1.2.1.3 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway -- 5.1.2.2 Fat Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.1.2.2.1 Fatty Acid Oxidation -- 5.1.2.2.2 Lipid Synthesis -- 5.1.2.2.3 Longer-Term Control of Hepatic Fat Metabolism -- 5.1.2.2.4 Other Roles of the Liver in Fat Metabolism -- 5.1.2.3 Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver -- 5.2 The Brain -- 5.3 Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.1 General Description and Structure of Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.2 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle: General Features -- 5.3.3 Routes of ATP Generation in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.3.1 Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.3.3.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle -- 5.4 The Heart -- 5.5 Adipose Tissue -- 5.5.1 White and Brown Adipose Tissue -- 5.5.2 Brown Adipose Tissue and the Concept of "Uncoupling" -- 5.5.3 White Adipose Tissue Metabolism -- 5.5.3.1 Fat Storage -- 5.5.3.2 Fat Mobilization -- 5.5.3.3 Adipocyte Differentiation and Longer-Term Regulation of Fat Storage -- 5.5.3.4 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ -- 5.6 The Kidneys -- 5.6.1 General Description -- 5.6.2 The Scale of Kidney Function.

5.6.3 Energy Metabolism in the Kidney -- 5.7 Endothelial Cells and Other Cell Types -- 5.7.1 The Endothelium - A Large Organ Distributed Throughout the Body -- 5.7.2 Rapidly Dividing Cells -- 5.7.3 Macrophages -- Further Reading -- 6. Important Endocrine Organs and Hormones -- 6.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones -- 6.2 The Pancreas -- 6.2.1 General Description of the Pancreas and its Anatomy -- 6.2.2 Insulin -- 6.2.3 Glucagon -- 6.3 The Pituitary Gland -- 6.3.1 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) -- 6.3.2 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) -- 6.4 The Thyroid Gland -- 6.5 The Adrenal Glands -- 6.5.1 The Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol Secretion -- 6.5.2 The Adrenal Medulla, Adrenaline Secretion, and Adrenaline Action -- 6.6 "Metabolic Tissues" that Secrete Hormones -- 6.6.1 Adipose Tissue -- 6.6.2 Heart -- 6.6.3 Kidney -- 6.6.4 Skeletal Muscle -- 6.6.5 The Intestine -- Further Reading -- 7. Integration of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Normal Daily Life -- 7.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 7.1.1 The Postabsorptive State -- 7.1.2 Breakfast -- 7.1.2.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver After Breakfast -- 7.1.2.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Other Tissues After Breakfast -- 7.1.2.3 Disposal of Glucose After a Meal -- 7.2 Fat Metabolism -- 7.2.1 Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acids -- 7.2.2 Plasma Triacylglycerol -- 7.2.3 The Postabsorptive State -- 7.2.4 Breakfast -- 7.2.4.1 Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Metabolism After Breakfast -- 7.2.4.2 Triacylglycerol -- 7.3 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism -- 7.3.1 General Features -- 7.3.2 Some Particular Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.3.2.1 Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids, and Other Metabolically Distinct Groups of Amino Acids -- 7.3.2.2 Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.3.2.3 Alanine and Glutamine.

7.3.3 The Overall Control of Protein Synthesis and Breakdown -- 7.4 Links Between Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism -- 7.4.1 Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism -- 7.4.1.1 Lipogenesis -- 7.4.1.2 Metabolic Interactions Between Fatty Acids and Glucose: the Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle -- 7.4.2 Interactions Between Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism: the Glucose-Alanine Cycle and Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acid -- 7.5 Blood Flow and the Integration of Metabolism -- 7.6 An Integrated View of Metabolism: a Metabolic Diary -- 7.6.1 The Postabsorptive State: Waking Up -- 7.6.2 Breakfast Goes Down -- 7.6.3 Another Meal Follows -- 7.6.4 An Energetic Day -- 7.7 Summary: Metabolic Control in a Physiological Setting -- Further Reading -- 8. The Nervous System and Metabolism -- 8.1 Outline of the Nervous System as it Relates to Metabolism -- 8.1.1 The Nerve Cell -- 8.1.2 The Wiring Diagram -- 8.2 Basic Physiology of the Nervous System -- 8.2.1 The Brain -- 8.2.1.1 The Hypothalamus -- 8.2.1.2 The Cerebellum and Brainstem -- 8.2.2 The Autonomic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.2 The Parasympathetic Nervous System -- 8.2.2.3 The Somatic Nervous System -- 8.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors -- 8.2.3.1 Adrenergic Transmission -- 8.2.3.2 Cholinergic Transmission -- 8.3 Major Effects of Adrenergic Stimulation -- 8.3.1 Stimuli for Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Adrenal Medulla -- 8.3.2 Circulatory Effects of Adrenergic Activation -- 8.3.3 Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines -- 8.3.3.1 Glycogenolysis -- 8.3.3.2 Lipolysis -- 8.3.3.3 Glucose Utilization -- 8.4 Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System on Hormone Secretion -- 8.5 Summary -- Further Reading -- 9. Coping with Some Extreme Situations -- 9.1 Situations in Which the Body Needs to Call on its Fuel Stores -- 9.2 The Body's Fuel Stores -- 9.2.1 Carbohydrate.

9.2.2 Fat -- 9.2.3 Amino Acids -- 9.3 Starvation -- 9.3.1 The Early Phase -- 9.3.2 The Period of Adaptation to Starvation -- 9.3.2.1 Hormonal Changes -- 9.3.2.2 Adaptation of Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Glucose Metabolism -- 9.3.2.3 Sparing of Muscle Protein -- 9.3.2.4 Kidney Metabolism -- 9.3.3 The Period of Adapted Starvation -- 9.4 Exercise -- 9.4.1 Types of Exercise -- 9.4.2 Intensity of Exercise -- 9.4.3 Metabolic Regulation During Anaerobic Exercise -- 9.4.4 Metabolic Regulation During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.5 Nervous System and Cardiovascular Responses During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.6 Other Hormonal Responses During Aerobic Exercise -- 9.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise -- 9.4.8 Fat Metabolism During Endurance Exercise -- 9.4.9 The Effects of Training -- Further Reading -- 10. Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.1 Introduction to Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.2 Outline of the Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.2.1 Chylomicron Metabolism - the Exogenous Pathway -- 10.2.2 VLDL and LDL Metabolism -- 10.2.2.1 VLDL Metabolism - the Endogenous Pathway -- 10.2.2.2 LDL Metabolism and Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Content -- 10.2.3 HDL Metabolism -- 10.2.3.1 HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport -- 10.2.3.2 Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein -- 10.3 Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.3.1 Insulin and Triacylglycerol Metabolism -- 10.3.2 Relationship Between Plasma Triacylglycerol and HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations -- 10.3.3 Cholesterol Homeostasis -- 10.4 Disturbances of Lipoprotein Metabolism -- 10.4.1 Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis -- 10.4.2 Conditions Leading to Elevation of the Blood Cholesterol Concentration -- 10.4.2.1 Primary Hyperlipoproteinemias -- 10.4.2.2 Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemias -- 10.4.3 HDL-Cholesterol, Plasma Triacylglycerol, and Coronary Heart Disease -- Further Reading -- 11. Diabetes Mellitus.

11.1 Different Types of Diabetes.

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