Diversified Urbanization : The Case of Côte d'Ivoire.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Overview: Rethinking Ivorian Cities -- Urbanization and Economic Growth -- Cities, Growth, and Productivity in Côte d'Ivoire -- Urbanization: Dynamics and Policy Responses -- A Typology of Ivorian Cities: Global, Regional, and Domestic Connectors -- Rethinking Ivorian Cities: Better Planning, Connecting, Greening, and Financing -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 Planning Cities -- Introduction -- The Current State of Urban Development in Côte d'Ivoire -- Main Drivers of Urbanization Challenges -- Looking Ahead: Priorities for Action -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Connecting Cities -- Introduction -- Intraurban Mobility -- Interurban Connectivity -- International Connectivity -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Greening Cities -- Introduction -- Why Think about Greening Cities? -- How Green Are Ivorian Cities? -- A Green Toolbox: Instruments for Decision Makers -- Annex 3A: Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Côte d'Ivoire -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Financing Cities -- Introduction -- Moves to Devolve Responsibility and Finance -- Municipal Finance and Expenditures -- Strengthening the System for Municipal Finance and Expanding Financing Opportunities -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Boxes -- Box ES.1 The Typology of Global, Regional, and Domestic Connectors Can Form the Basis for a Territorial Development Strategy -- Box ES.2 Main Points on Planning from the Validation Workshop -- Box ES.3 Main Points on Connecting from the Validation Workshop -- Box ES.4 Main Points on Greening from the Validation Workshop -- Box ES.5 Main Points on Financing from the Validation Workshop -- Box O.1 Planning for Ivorian Cities Should Start Now -- Box 1.1 Urban, Financial, and Organizational Audits of 10 Communes in Côte d'Ivoire.

Box 1.2  The Different Types of Housing in Large Ivorian Cities -- Box 1.3 The Process to Obtain Formal Land Tenure Rights in Côte d'Ivoire -- Box 1.4 Inappropriate Building Regulations Hamper Affordability -- Box 1.5 The Statutory Land System -- Box 1.6 International Experience with Multiple Property Regimes and Land Valuation -- Box 2.1 Identifying Road Connection Constraints in Vietnam: The World Bank's Trucking Industry Survey -- Box 3.1 Climate Change and Cities in Developing Countries -- Box 3.2 Green Accounting -- Box 3.3 Urban Upgrading in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil: Integrated, Coordinated, and Evidence Based, with Comprehensive Resettlement Policies -- Box 3.4 Shoring Up Coastal Cities -- Box 3.5 Integrating Port and Regional Development Planning with Coastal Management: The Case of Colombia's Caribbean Coast -- Box 4.1 Key Laws and Dates for the Establishment of Decentralization in Côte d'Ivoire -- Box 4.2 A Different Path for Provision of Water and Electricity -- Box 4.3 Slow Sector Progress in Devolving Powers -- Box 4.4 Mainstreaming Intermunicipal Collaboration -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Per Capita GDP Has Risen in Tandem with Urbanization Rates -- Figure O.2 The Top 600 Cities Account for 22 Percent of Population, 54 Percent of Income -- Figure O.3 Sub-Saharan African Countries Are Urbanizing -- Figure O.4 Despite Urbanization, Incomes of Sub-Saharan Countries Remain below Those of Other Regions -- Figure O.5 The Ivorian Economy Is Underperforming Urbanization -- Figure O.6 Manufacturing Is Better Correlated with Urbanization -- Figure O.7 The Population Gap between Abidjan and Other Ivorian Cities Has Widened since 1975 -- Figure O.8 Economic Concentration Seems to Negatively Impact Firms' Sales in Abidjan -- Figure O.9 The Main Economic Flows from Ivorian Cities Are toward Abidjan.

Figure O.10 The Correlation between Urbanization and Income Shifted after 1978 -- Figure O.11 Agriculture's Share in Employment Is Decreasing in Sub-Saharan African Urbanized Countries -- Figure O.12 Number of Years to Move from 40 to 50 Percent Urbanization: Côte d'Ivoire and Other Select Countries -- Figure O.13 Côte d'Ivoire: Urbanization and Poverty, 1985-2008 -- Figure O.14 Service Provision Is Deficient in Secondary Cities -- Figure O.15 Côte d'Ivoire Experienced Gradual Urban Population Growth -- Figure O.16 Housing and Transport Expenditures by Country -- Figure O.17 In Abidjan, Most People Walk or Bike, Limiting Job Opportunities -- Figure O.18 Energy Consumption and Pollution Emissions per Passenger, Abidjan -- Figure O.19 Local Government Revenues, 2007-13 -- Figure 1.1 Abidjan Is Growing Faster Than Peer Cities in West Africa -- Figure 1.2 In Most Large Cities, Annual Population Growth Outpaces Land Area Expansion, Leading to Densification -- Figure 1.3 Not All Dense Cities Are Livable -- Figure 1.4 Access to Improved Sanitation, Côte d'Ivoire -- Figure 1.5 Many Large Cities Suffer from Poor Street Coverage -- Figure 1.6 Housing Expenditures by Country and Quintile, in Ascending Order of GDP per Capita (Urban Areas) -- Figure 1.7 Housing and Transport Expenditures by Country -- Figure 1.8 One to Two Persons Sleeping to a Room in Côte d'Ivoire -- Figure 1.9 Ownership Rate in Côte d'Ivoire and Other Sub-Saharan African Countries -- Figure 1.10 Owner Occupancy of Urban Households per Quintile in Côte d'Ivoire -- Figure B1.4.1 Compliance with Minimum Building Size Regulations in Dar es Salaam -- Figure 2.1 Most People in Abidjan Walk or Bike, Limiting Job Opportunities -- Figure 2.2 Distance Traveled Increases with Income -- Figure 2.3 Development Level and Mode of Urban Transport.

Figure 2.4 The Majority of Trade Flows among Global Connectors and from Domestic to Global Connectors -- Figure 2.5 Transport Costs within Côte d'Ivoire -- Figure 3.1 Percentage of Households Burning Combustibles as Cooking Fuel -- Figure 3.2 Number of Cars and Emissions by Vehicle Mode -- Figure 3.3 Collective Transport Market Share, 1988-2002 -- Figure 3.4 User Criticisms of Abidjan Public Transport, 2007 -- Figure 3.5 Freight Emissions by Transport Mode -- Figure 3A.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions, by Sector and Total -- Figure 4.1 Local Government Revenues, 2007-13 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Commune Revenue, 2007-13 -- Figure 4.3 Comparison of Trends in Income and Expenditure of Communes -- Maps -- Map O.1 Supraregions, Regions, and Autonomous Districts in Côte d'Ivoire, 2012 -- Map O.2 Major Production Zones in Côte d'Ivoire -- Map O.3 Côte d'Ivoire: Areas of Staple Food Cultivation -- Map O.4 Ivorian Cities as Domestic, Regional, and Global Connectors -- Map O.5 Submarine Cables Landing in Abidjan -- Map 1.1 Urban Master Plan of Greater Abidjan -- Map 2.1 Main Routes and Cities in Côte d'Ivoire -- Map B2.1.1 Origin Cities in the Vietnam Trucking Industry Survey -- Map 2.2 Submarine Cables Landing in Abidjan -- Map 2.3 ICT Connectivity in Côte d'Ivoire -- Map 3.1 Air Pollution Worldwide -- Map 3.2 Respiratory and Diarrheal Diseases, DALYs per 100,000 People, 2010 -- Tables -- Table O.1 Population of Cities with More than 100,000 Inhabitants, 1975-2014 -- Table 1.1 Share of Housing Type in Total, by Residential Area -- Table 2.1 Transport Costs in Côte d'Ivoire, by Type of City -- Table 2.2 Major Constraints Reported by Truckers -- Table 2.3 Transport Prices between Global, Regional, and Domestic Connectors -- Table 2.4 Population and Mobile Phone Coverage -- Table 4.1 Number of Municipal Staff, 2007-13.

Table 4.2 Distribution Formulas for Shared Revenues -- Table 4.3 Percentage of Local Government Grants in the General National Budget -- Table 4.4 FPCL-Financed Municipal Investments, by Category -- Table 4.5 Communes' Funding Capacity.

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