Ageing and Life Extension of Offshore Structures : The Challenge of Managing Structural Integrity.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Definitions -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Ageing of Structures -- 1.1 Structural Engineering and Ageing Structures -- 1.2 History of Offshore Structures Worldwide -- 1.3 Failure Statistics for Ageing Offshore Structures -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Failure Statistics of Offshore Structures -- 1.3.3 Experience from Land Based Structures -- 1.3.4 Experience from Offshore Fixed Steel Structures -- 1.3.5 Experience from the Shipping and Mobile Offshore Unit Industries -- 1.4 The Terms 'Design Life' and 'Life Extension' and the Bathtub Curve -- 1.5 Life Extension Assessment Process -- References -- Chapter 2 Historic and Present Principles for Design, Assessment and Maintenance of Offshore Structures -- 2.1 Historic Development of Codes and Recommended Practices -- 2.1.1 US Recommended Practices and Codes -- 2.1.2 UK Department of Energy and HSE Guidance Notes -- 2.1.3 Norwegian Standards -- 2.1.4 ISO Standards -- 2.2 Current Safety Principles Applicable to Structural Integrity -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Application of Safety Principles to Structures -- 2.2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2.2 Partial Factor and Limit State Design Method -- 2.2.2.3 Robustness -- 2.2.2.4 Design Analysis Methods -- 2.2.2.5 Management of Structures in Operation -- 2.2.3 Managing Safety -- 2.2.4 Change Management -- 2.3 Current Regulation and Requirements for Ageing and Life Extension -- 2.3.1 Regulatory Practice in the UK for Ageing and Life Extension -- 2.3.2 Regulatory Practice in Norway Regarding Life Extension -- 2.3.3 Regulatory Practice in the USA -- 2.3.4 Regulatory Practice Elsewhere in the World -- 2.4 Structural Integrity Management -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 The Main Process of Structural Integrity Management -- 2.4.3 Evolution of Structural Integrity Management -- 2.4.3.1 The Early Years.

2.4.3.2 The Introduction of Structural Integrity Management into Standards -- 2.4.4 Current SIM Approach -- 2.4.5 Incident Response and Emergency Preparedness -- 2.4.6 SIM in Life Extension -- References -- Chapter 3 Ageing Factors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Physical Changes -- 3.1.2 Structural Information Changes -- 3.1.3 Changes to Knowledge and Safety Requirements -- 3.1.4 Technological Changes -- 3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation Mechanisms in Materials -- 3.3 Material Degradation -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Overview of Physical Degradation for Types of Steel Structures -- 3.3.3 Steel Degradation -- 3.3.3.1 Hardening Due to Plastic Deformation -- 3.3.3.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement -- 3.3.3.3 Erosion -- 3.3.3.4 Wear and Tear -- 3.3.4 Concrete Degradation -- 3.3.4.1 Concrete Strength in Ageing Structures -- 3.3.4.2 General -- 3.3.4.3 Bacterial Induced Deterioration -- 3.3.4.4 Thermal Effects -- 3.3.4.5 Erosion -- 3.4 Corrosion -- 3.4.1 General -- 3.4.2 External Corrosion -- 3.4.3 Various Forms of Corrosion -- 3.4.3.1 CO2 Corrosion -- 3.4.3.2 Environmental Cracking Due to H2S -- 3.4.3.3 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion -- 3.4.4 Special Issues Related to Corrosion in Hulls and Ballast Tanks -- 3.4.5 Concrete Structures -- 3.4.5.1 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement -- 3.4.5.2 Corrosion of Prestressing Tendons -- 3.5 Fatigue -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Factors Influencing Fatigue -- 3.5.3 Implications of Fatigue Damage -- 3.5.4 Fatigue Issues with High Strength Steels -- 3.5.5 Fatigue Research -- 3.6 Load Changes -- 3.6.1 Marine Growth -- 3.6.2 Subsidence and Wave in Deck -- 3.7 Dents, Damages, and Other Geometrical Changes -- 3.8 Non‐physical Ageing Changes -- 3.8.1 Technological Changes (Obsolescence) -- 3.8.2 Structural Information Changes -- 3.8.3 Knowledge and Safety Requirement Changes -- 3.8.3 Bibliographic Notes -- References.

Chapter 4 Assessment of Ageing and Life Extension -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Assessment Versus Design Analysis -- 4.2 Assessment Procedures -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Brief Overview of ISO 19902 -- 4.2.3 Brief Overview of NORSOK N‐006 -- 4.2.4 Brief Overview of API RP 2A‐WSD -- 4.2.5 Brief Overview of ISO 13822 -- 4.2.6 Discussion of These Standards -- 4.3 Assessment of Ageing Materials -- 4.4 Strength Analysis -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Steel Structural Members -- 4.4.2.1 Effect of Metal Loss and Wall Thinning -- 4.4.2.2 Effect of Cracking and Removal of Part of Section -- 4.4.2.3 Effect of Changes to Material Properties -- 4.4.2.4 Effect of Geometric Changes -- 4.4.2.5 Methods for Calculating the Capacity of Degraded Steel Members -- 4.4.3 Strength and Capacity of Damaged Concrete Structural Members -- 4.4.4 Non‐Linear Analysis of Jacket of Structures (Push‐Over Analysis) -- 4.5 Fatigue Analysis and the S-N Approach -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Methods for Fatigue Analysis -- 4.5.3 S-N Fatigue Analysis -- 4.5.3.1 Fatigue Loads and Stresses to be Considered -- 4.5.3.2 Fatigue Capacity Based on S-N Curves -- 4.5.3.3 Damage Calculation -- 4.5.3.4 Safety consideration by Design Fatigue Factors -- 4.5.4 Assessment of Fatigue for Life Extension -- 4.5.4.1 Introduction -- 4.5.4.2 High Cycle/Low Stress Fatigue -- 4.5.4.3 Low Cycle/High Stress Fatigue -- 4.6 Fracture Mechanics Assessment -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis -- 4.6.3 Fracture Assessment -- 4.6.4 Fracture Toughness Data -- 4.6.5 Residual Stress Distribution -- 4.6.6 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension -- 4.7 Probabilistic Strength, Fatigue, and Fracture Mechanics -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 Structural Reliability Analysis - Overview -- 4.7.3 Decision Making Based on Structural Reliability Analysis.

4.7.4 Assessment of Existing Structures by Structural Reliability Analysis -- References -- Chapter 5 Inspection and Mitigation of Ageing Structures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Inspection -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 The Inspection Process -- 5.2.3 Inspection Philosophies -- 5.2.4 Risk and Probabilistic Based Inspection Planning -- 5.2.5 Inspection of Fixed Jacket Structures -- 5.2.6 Inspection of Floating Structures -- 5.2.7 Inspection of Topside Structures -- 5.2.8 Structural Monitoring -- 5.3 Evaluation of Inspection Findings -- 5.4 Mitigation of Damaged Structures -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Mitigation of Corrosion Damage -- 5.4.3 Mitigation of the Corrosion Protection System -- 5.4.4 Mitigation of Fatigue and Other Damage -- 5.5 Performance of Repaired Structures -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Tubular Joints -- 5.5.3 Fatigue Performance of Repaired Plated Structures -- References -- Chapter 6 Summary and Further Thoughts -- 6.1 Ageing Structures and Life Extension -- 6.2 Further Work and Research Needs Related to Ageing Structures -- 6.3 Final Thoughts -- Appendix A Types of Structures -- A.1 Fixed Platforms -- A.2 Floating Structures -- Reference -- Appendix B Inspection Methods -- B.1 General Visual Inspection -- B.2 Close Visual Inspection -- B.3 Flooded Member Detection -- B.4 Ultrasonic Testing -- B.5 Eddy Current Inspection -- B.6 Magnetic Particle Inspection -- B.7 Alternating Current Potential Drop -- B.8 Alternating Current Field Measurement -- B.9 Acoustic Emission Monitoring -- B.10 Leak Detection -- B.11 Air Gap Monitoring -- B.12 Strain Monitoring -- B.13 Structural Monitoring -- Appendix C Calculation Examples -- C.1 Example of Closed Form Fatigue Calculation -- C.2 Example of Application of Fracture Mechanics to Life Extension -- Index -- EULA.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.