Clinical Nutrition.

Intro -- The Nutrition Society Textbook Series -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contributors -- Series Foreword -- Preface -- First Edition Acknowledgements -- 1 Principles of Clinical Nutrition: Contrasting the Practice of Nutrition in Health and Disease -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The spectrum of nutritional problems -- 1.3 Nutritional requirements -- 1.4 Management pathways -- 1.5 Concluding remarks -- 2 Nutritional Screening and Assessment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nutritional screening -- 2.3 Nutritional assessment -- 2.4 Concluding remarks -- 3 Water and Electrolytes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fluid compartments of the body -- 3.3 Flux of fluid through the kidney and gastrointestinal tract -- 3.4 Body electrolyte content and concentration -- 3.5 Regulation of body water compartments -- 3.6 The metabolic response to starvation and injury -- 3.7 Body water compartments and electrolytes in starvation and injury -- 3.8 Effects of salt and water overload -- 3.9 Fluid therapy: practical aspects -- 3.10 Goal-directed fluid therapy -- 3.11 Implications of water and sodium metabolism in nutrition therapy for specific clinical conditions -- 3.12 Concluding remarks -- 4 Over-nutrition -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aetiology -- 4.3 Clinical presentation -- 4.4 Clinical assessment -- 4.5 Treatment approaches -- 4.6 Prevention -- 4.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 5 Under-nutrition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pathophysiology of under-nutrition -- 5.3 Pathophysiology of under-nutrition complicated by stress -- 5.4 Chronic under-nutrition -- 5.5 Under-nutrition in the elderly -- 5.6 Severe acute malnutrition in children -- 5.7 Assessment of under-nutrition -- 5.8 Treatment -- 5.9 Potential problems with nutritional supplementation in under-nutrition -- 5.10 Prevention -- 5.11 Concluding remarks -- 6 Metabolic Disorders -- 6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Energy intake, health and longevity -- 6.3 The metabolic syndrome -- 6.4 Pathophysiology of insulin resistance -- 6.5 Insulin resistance -- 6.6 The role of affluence in diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and essential hypertension -- 6.7 Alcohol -- 6.8 Concluding remarks -- 7 Eating Disorders -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification and features -- 7.3 History -- 7.4 Aetiology -- 7.5 Incidence and prevalence -- 7.6 Medical complications of eating disorders -- 7.7 Nutritional problems in eating disorders -- 7.8 Nutritional management of eating disorders -- 7.9 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 8 Adverse Reactions to Foods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Food intolerance -- 8.3 Food allergy -- 8.4 Types of food allergy -- 8.5 Patterns of food-allergic responses -- 8.6 Diagnostic criteria for food allergy -- 8.7 Food-sensitive enteropathy -- 8.8 Specific food allergies -- 8.9 Multiple-food allergy -- 8.10 Scientific background: the basic mechanisms of immune response to dietary antigen -- 8.11 Concluding remarks -- 9 Nutritional Support -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Meeting nutritional needs -- 9.3 Oral feeding and oral nutritional supplements -- 9.4 Enteral tube feeding -- 9.5 Administration of drugs and enteral feeding -- 9.6 Parenteral nutrition -- 9.7 Special considerations with nutritional support -- 9.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 10 Ethics and Nutrition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Brief history of medical ethics -- 10.3 Medical ethics: the four-principle approach -- 10.4 Definitions and ethical terms -- 10.5 Application of ethical principles to artificial nutritional support: clinical scenarios -- 10.6 Ethical conflict -- 10.7 Clinical guidelines in ethical care -- 10.8 Concluding remarks -- 11 The Gastrointestinal Tract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Coeliac disease -- 11.3 Tropical enteropathy and tropical sprue.

11.4 Inflammatory bowel disease -- 11.5 Irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease -- 11.6 Concluding remarks -- 12 Nutrition in Liver Disease -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nutritional risk in liver-disease patients -- 12.3 Effect of nutritional state on liver disease -- 12.4 Effect of liver disease on nutritional state -- 12.5 Pathophysiology and nutrient requirement in liver disease -- 12.6 Disease-specific nutrition therapy -- Acknowledgements -- 13 Nutrition and the Pancreas -- 13A DIABETES MELLITUS -- 13A.1 Introduction -- 13A.2 Presentation and diagnosis -- 13A.3 Principles of diabetic management and the role of diet -- 13A.4 Insulin/drugs -- 13A.5 Physical activity -- 13A.6 Diet -- 13A.7 Monitoring and follow-up -- 13A.8 Concluding remarks -- 13B PANCREATITIS -- 13B.1 Introduction -- 13B.2 Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis -- 13B.3 Severity scores -- 13B.4 Metabolic consequences of acute pancreatitis -- 13B.5 Artificial nutrition -- 13B.6 Chronic pancreatitis -- 13B.7 Concluding remarks -- 14 The Kidney -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Assessment of nutritional status in kidney patients -- 14.3 Acute kidney injury -- 14.4 Chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease -- 14.5 Kidney transplantation -- 14.6 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 15 Nutritional and Metabolic Support in Haematological Malignancies and Haematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Haematological malignancies -- 15.3 Rationale for nutritional intervention in haematological malignancies -- 15.4 Nutritional and metabolic support following HSCT -- 15.5 Concluding remarks -- 16 The Lung -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Prevalence and consequences of weight loss and muscle wasting -- 16.3 Causes of weight loss and muscle wasting -- 16.4 Outcomes of nutritional intervention -- 16.5 Acute lung injury -- 16.6 Concluding remarks.

16.7 Acknowledgements -- 17 Nutrition and Immune and Inflammatory Systems -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The response of the immune system to activation -- 17.3 The effects of proinflammatory cytokines -- 17.4 Control systems for cytokines -- 17.5 Damaging and life-threatening effects of cytokines -- 17.6 Influence of malnutrition on key aspects of the cytokine response -- 17.7 Antioxidant defences and their impact on immune and inflammatory systems in patients -- 17.8 Immunomodulatory effects of lipids -- 17.9 Route and content of nutritional provision and immune function and patient outcome -- 17.10 Concluding remarks -- 18 The Heart and Blood Vessels -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Atherosclerosis -- 18.3 Dietary lipids and coronary heart disease -- 18.4 Plasma lipoproteins -- 18.5 Lipoprotein metabolism -- 18.6 Other dietary factors and coronary heart disease -- 18.7 Diet and hypertension -- 18.8 Diet and stroke -- 18.9 Diet and peripheral vascular disease -- 18.10 Diet and chronic heart failure -- 18.11 Micronutrients and cardiovascular disease -- 18.12 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 19 Nutritional Aspects of Disease Affecting the Skeleton -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Overview of bone metabolism and mineral-ion homeostasis -- 19.3 Age-appropriate biochemical reference ranges -- 19.4 Pharmaceutical agents commonly used in bone disease -- 19.5 Diagnostic imaging assessment of the skeleton -- 19.6 Rickets/osteomalacia (vitamin D deficiency) -- 19.7 Mineral-ion homeostasis in preterm infants -- 19.8 Corticosteroid-induced bone disease -- 19.9 Post-transplant bone disease -- 19.10 Osteoporosis associated with chronic disease -- 19.11 Anorexia nervosa -- 19.12 Senile osteoporosis -- 19.13 Concluding remarks -- 20 Nutrition in Surgery and Trauma -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The stress response to trauma and its effects on metabolism.

20.3 Nutritional support in perioperative care -- 20.4 Feeding the severely traumatised patient -- 20.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 21 Infectious Diseases -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Human immunodeficiency virus infection -- 21.3 Tuberculosis -- 21.4 Malaria -- 21.5 Gastrointestinal infections -- 21.6 Concluding remarks -- 22 Nutritional Support in Patients with Cancer -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Cancer cachexia -- 22.3 Nutritional support in cancer -- 23 Paediatric Nutrition -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Growth -- 23.3 The impact of development on nutrition -- 23.4 Infant feeding -- 23.5 Preschool children -- 23.6 Schoolchildren and adolescents -- 23.7 Under-nutrition in children -- 23.8 Nutrition as treatment -- 23.9 Overweight in children: 'fatness' and 'obesity' -- 23.10 Concluding remarks -- 24 Cystic Fibrosis -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Definition and pathology -- 24.3 Clinical features -- 24.4 Malnutrition -- 24.5 Other nutritional complications of CF -- 24.6 Nutritional management -- 24.7 Vitamin supplementation -- 24.8 Minerals -- 24.9 Infant feeding -- 24.10 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 25 Illustrative Cases -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Children -- 25.3 Anorexia of psychological origin and refeeding syndrome -- 25.4 Malnutrition in the older person -- 25.5 Bowel disease -- 25.6 Catabolic illness -- 25.7 Dysphagia -- 25.8 Obesity -- Index -- Access to Companion Site.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.