Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Learning and Memory.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Emotion and Memory -- Introduction -- How Valence and Arousal Affect Memory -- Separable Influences of Valence and Arousal -- Combined Influences of Valence and Arousal Dimensions -- Separable Influences of Positive and Negative Valence -- Future Directions: Interactive Effects of Valence and Arousal -- Time Course of the Effects of Valence and Arousal on Memory -- Valence and Arousal by the Millisecond: Effects at Encoding and Retrieval -- Time Course of Memory Retrieval: Effects of Emotion on Memory Search and Elaboration -- The Passage of Time Between Encoding and Retrieval: Effects of Consolidation -- Effects of Sleep on Emotional Memory Consolidation -- Encoding-to-Retrieval Interactions -- Debates and Open Questions -- What Is the Role of the Amygdala in Emotional Memory? -- What Are the Effects of Emotional Arousal on Memory Accuracy? -- How Do Emotional Appraisals and Reappraisals Affect Memory Patterns? -- References -- Chapter 2: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Fear Learning -- Introduction -- Pavlovian Fear Conditioning -- The Biology of Fear -- The Amygdala -- Studies of Fear Conditioning in Humans -- Overcoming Fear -- Neurobiology of Extinction -- Extinction in Human fMRI -- Removal of Fear: Reconsolidation -- Fear Beyond the CS -- Learning to Fear the Context -- Fear Generalization -- Learning Fear from Others -- Instructed Fear Learning -- Future Directions -- Genetic Influences on Human Fear Learning -- Individual Differences in Fear Learning -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3: Episodic Memory -- Introduction -- Cognitive Factors in Episodic Memory -- Encoding into Episodic Memory: Building Retrieval Cues -- Storage in Episodic Memory: Decay, Maintenance, and Consolidation -- Retrieval from Episodic Memory.

Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory -- Varieties of Episodic Memory -- Recall -- Recognition -- Source Memory and Context Recognition -- Associative Memory and Cued Recall -- Spatial Memory -- Temporal Memory -- Relationships Between Episodic Memory and Other Areas of Cognition -- Semantic Memory -- Episodic Future Thinking -- Emotion -- Autobiographical Memory and Sense of Self -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- Note -- References -- Chapter 4: Sleep and Memory -- Introduction -- Delineations of Memory -- The Stages of Sleep -- Stage 2 Sleep -- Slow-Wave Sleep -- Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep -- Theories on the Role of Sleep for Memory -- Sleep Prior to Encoding Sets the Stage for New Learning -- Memory Benefits From Post-Encoding Sleep -- Sleep Facilitates Procedural Memory -- Sleep Facilitates Declarative Memory -- Sleep Preferentially Consolidates Emotional Memory -- Memory Benefits from Daytime Napping -- Napping Benefits Emotional Memory -- Timing of a Nap May Influence Consolidation -- Sleep Selectively Preserves Important, Salient Information -- Reorganization of Memory During Sleep -- Item Integration -- Associative and Relational Memory -- Problem-Solving, Insight, and Rule Extraction -- Gist Extraction and Generalization -- Possible Mechanistic Theories of Sleep's Role in Memory Transformations -- Future Directions for Research and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Memory and Future Imagining -- Introduction and Background Issues -- Recent and Emerging Trends -- Eliciting Future Event Simulations -- Details of Simulation -- Structure of Simulation -- Functional Brain Imaging -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Appendix A: Sample Galton-Crovitz Stimulus List -- Sample Lists -- Appendix B: Sample Experimental Recombination Procedure Protocol -- Instructions -- Experimental Recombination and Cue Generation.

Memory Test (Optional) -- Appendix C: Sample Adapted Memory Characteristics Questionnaire -- Appendix D: Using the Autobiographical Interview to Study Future Event Simulation -- Chapter 6: Education and Memory: Seven Ways the Science of Memory Can Improve Classroom Learning -- Introduction -- Guiding Principles of Learning -- Deep (Elaborative) Processing -- Transfer Appropriate Processing -- Desirable Difficulties -- The Importance of Metacognition for Learning -- Seven Tools for Learning -- Spaced Practice -- Interleaving -- Retrieval Practice -- Elaborative Interrogation -- Self-Explanation -- Mnemonics -- Self-Regulated Learning -- Neuroscience and Education -- Potential Criticisms of the Strategies in This Chapter -- Do Learning Strategies Help Only with Learning Basic Facts? -- Has There Been Enough Research in Realistic Educational Contexts? -- Do Learning Strategies Work Only with Motivated Learners? -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Chapter 7: Motivation and Memory -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- Operationalizing Motivation -- Dimensions of Motivation -- Multiple Types of Learning and Memory -- Motivation's Impact on Learning -- Emerging Trends: Characterizing Motivation and Its Effects on Memory -- Extrinsic Motivation: Reward Influences on Memory Encoding -- Extrinsic Motivation: Punishment Influences on Memory Encoding -- Intrinsic Motivation: Categories and Experimental Manipulations -- Volitional Motivation -- Intrinsic Motivation: Influences on Memory Curiosity -- Value of Information -- Interrelationships Between Motivated Declarative Memory and Feedback Learning -- Agency, Action, and Choice -- Motivation as a Neural Context for Memory Formation -- Interrogative Motivational States -- VTA Activation Supports Motivated Behavior -- VTA-Hippocampal Connectivity.

VTA Activation Promotes Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Encoding -- Imperative Motivational States -- Amygdala Activation Supports Motivated Behavior -- Amygdala-Cortical-MTL Connectivity -- Amygdala Activation Supports Cortical-MTL-Dependent Encoding -- Punishment-Motivated Behavior Supports Cortical-MTL-Dependent Encoding -- Working Model: Motivational State Engages MTL Networks to Differentially Shape the Form and Content of Memory -- Valence, Motivational States, and Neural Network -- Future Directions -- Mechanisms and Timescales: Memory Encoding Versus Consolidation -- Individual Differences Modulate Motivation's Impact on Memory -- Conclusion -- Implications for Models of Memory -- Implications for Models of Motivation -- Implications for Translation -- Future Directions and Open Questions -- References -- Chapter 8: Inhibition in Memory -- Introduction -- Alternative Accounts of Forgetting -- Competition-Based Accounts -- Inhibition-Based Accounts -- Paradigms Used to Test Inhibition -- The Retrieval Practice Paradigm -- The Directed Forgetting Paradigm -- The Think/No-Think Paradigm -- Other Paradigms -- Resolving the Problems -- Consistency of Assumptions -- Steps Toward a Reformulation -- Extending the Inhibition Account -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Memory and Attention -- Introduction -- Behavioral Approaches to Studying Memory-Attention Interactions -- Episodic Memory -- Forgetting -- Implicit Learning -- Working Memory -- Neural Mechanisms Underlying Memory-Attention Interactions -- Subsequent Memory Paradigm -- Introduction to a Global Neural Model -- Occipitotemporal Cortex -- Prefrontal Cortex -- Hippocampus -- Parietal Cortex -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Item and Associative Memory Decline in Healthy Aging -- Introduction -- Behavioral Evidence for Age-Related Decline in Item Memory -- Encoding -- Retrieval.

Item Conclusions -- Behavioral Evidence for Age-Related Decline in Associative Memory -- Associative Conclusions -- fMRI Studies of Item Memory -- Encoding -- Retrieval -- Item Conclusions -- fMRI Studies of Associative Memory -- Encoding -- Retrieval -- Associative Conclusions -- Conclusion -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 11: Assessing Autobiographical Memory: Implications for Understanding the Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- Models of Autobiographical Memory: Access Versus Experience -- Autobiographical Memory: Behavioral Assessments -- Autobiographical Memory: The Effect of Affective and Cognitive Disorders -- Autobiographical Memory: Neuroimaging Assessments -- Recent and Emerging Trends -- Commonalities Between Autobiographical Memory and Goal-Oriented Thinking -- Individual Differences in Autobiographical Memory Retrieval -- Future Directions -- New Neuroimaging Techniques -- Prospective Assessments of Autobiographical Memory -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Working Memory: An Evolving Concept -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- The "Delay Cell -- Networks of Working Memory -- Recent and Emerging Trends -- Representational Locus of Working Memory -- Searching for the Neural Code -- Top-Down Control, Abstraction, and the Prefrontal Cortex -- Future Directions -- Stable Versus Dynamic Coding -- Synaptic Plasticity and Levels of Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Visual Cognition and Working Memory -- Introduction -- Background Issues -- A Brief History of Visual Working Memory -- Capacity Limits -- Biological Substrates -- The Relationship Between VWM and Attention -- The Relationship Between VWM and Long-Term Memory -- Future Directions -- What Is the Nature of the Representations in VWM?.

Do the Firing Rate Effects and Oscillations Code for Different Aspects of Active Maintenance?.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.