Pesticides in Crop Production : Physiological and Biochemical Action.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Development of Pesticide Resistance in Pests: A Key Challenge to the Crop Protection and Environmental Safety -- 1.1 Resistance: The Introduction -- 1.2 Pesticide Resistance: A Global Analysis -- 1.3 Molecular Genetics and Biochemical Basis of Pesticide Resistance -- 1.4 Changes in Pesticide Binding Sites -- 1.5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- 1.6 GABA Receptors and Other Ligand‐gated Chloride Channels -- 1.7 Voltage‐Dependent Sodium Channels -- 1.8 Insecticidal Microbial Toxins -- 1.9 Biotransformation -- 1.10 Acetylcholinesterase -- 1.11 Esterases -- 1.12 Carboxylesterases (B‐Esterases) -- 1.13 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases -- 1.14 Glutathione S‐Transferases -- 1.15 Other Resistance Mechanisms -- References -- Chapter 2 Fungicide Toxicity to Legumes and Its Microbial Remediation: A Current Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nutritional Importance of Legumes -- 2.3 Fungal Diseases of Legumes: A General Perspective -- 2.4 Types of Fungicides and Their Mode of Action -- 2.5 Fungicides Uptake, Metabolism and Their Persistence -- 2.6 Phytotoxicity of Fungicides to Legumes: A General Perspective -- 2.7 Impact of Fungicides on Plant Growth -- 2.8 Effect on Symbiosis and Yield -- 2.9 Effect on Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Rates -- 2.10 Fungicide Toxicity to Legume Rhizobium Symbiosis -- 2.10.1 Effect on Nodulation -- 2.10.2 Effect of Fungicides on Nitrogenase and Leghaemoglobin -- 2.10.3 Effect on Dry Biomass -- 2.11 Microbial Remediation of Fungicide Toxicity -- 2.12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Pesticide Metabolism in Plants, Insects, Soil Microbes and Fishes: An Overview -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Metabolism of Pesticides in Plants -- 3.3 Metabolism of Pesticides in Insects -- 3.4 Metabolism of Pesticides in Soil Microbes.

3.5 Metabolism of Pesticides in Fishes -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Bioaccumulation of Pesticides and Its Impact on Biological Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dispersion of Pesticides into the Environment -- 4.3 Behavior of Pesticides in Soil -- 4.4 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnifications of Pesticide -- 4.4.1 Bioaccumulation of Pesticides in Plants -- 4.4.2 Bioaccumulation of Pesticides in Animals -- 4.4.3 Bioaccumulation of Pesticides in Human and Toxicity -- 4.5 Regulatory Activity -- 4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5 Impact of Pesticide Exposure and Associated Health Effects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History of Evolution of Pesticides -- 5.3 Pesticides Regulations -- 5.4 Impact on Environment -- 5.5 Impact on Human Health -- 5.5.1 Pesticide Exposure -- 5.5.1.1 Pesticide Exposure Routes in Humans -- 5.5.1.2 Acute Toxicity of Pesticides -- 5.5.1.3 Neurobehavioral Effects After Acute Toxicity -- 5.5.1.4 Chronic Toxicity of Pesticides -- 5.5.1.5 Disruption of Endocrine System -- 5.5.2 Carcinogenicity -- 5.5.2.1 Neurological and Neuro‐developmental Effects -- 5.5.2.2 Parkinson's Disease (PD) -- 5.5.2.3 Immunologic Effects -- 5.5.2.4 Reproductive Effects -- 5.5.2.5 Estrogenic Effects of Pesticides on Human Estrogen‐Sensitive Cells -- 5.5.2.6 Diethyl Stilbestrol (DES) Syndrome (Model for Estrogenic Chemicals Exposure in the Environment) -- 5.5.2.7 Developmental Effects -- 5.6 Other Health Problems -- 5.6.1 Eye Problems -- 5.6.2 Respiratory Problems -- 5.6.3 Determination of Pollution Potential of Pesticides -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Microbiome as Sensitive Markers for Risk Assessment of Pesticides -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Rhizosphere -- 6.3 Effect of Chemical Pesticides on Soil Microbial Communities.

6.4 Effect of Pesticides on Plant Growth Parameters as a Result of Impact on Microbiome -- 6.5 Impact of Safer Alternatives, Biological Pesticides -- 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Arms Race between Insecticide and Insecticide Resistance and Evolution of Insect Management Strategies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Different Types of Insecticide -- 7.3 Different Types of Insecticide Resistance -- 7.3.1 Cross Insecticide Resistance -- 7.3.2 Multiple Insecticide Resistance -- 7.3.3 Stable Insecticide Resistance -- 7.3.4 Unstable Insecticide Resistance -- 7.4 Reasons for Insecticide Resistance -- 7.5 Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance -- 7.5.1 Alterations in Insecticide Detoxification Capacity -- 7.5.2 Alteration of Toxin‐Receptor Interactions -- 7.5.3 Alterations in Detoxification Metabolism -- 7.5.4 Alterations in Insecticide Penetration -- 7.5.5 Other Potential Mechanisms of Resistance -- 7.5.5.1 Induced Resistance -- 7.5.5.2 Behavioral Resistance -- 7.6 Factors Influencing Insecticide Resistance -- 7.6.1 Biological and Ecological Factors -- 7.6.2 Genetic Factors -- 7.6.3 Operational Factors -- 7.7 Managing Pesticide Resistance -- 7.7.1 Insecticide Resistance Database -- 7.7.2 Chemical Use Strategies for Resistance Management -- 7.7.2.1 Management by Moderation -- 7.7.2.2 Management by Multiple Attacks -- 7.7.2.3 Management by Saturation -- 7.7.3 Reactive Resistance Management -- 7.7.4 Proactive Resistance Management -- 7.7.5 Resistance Management as a Component of IPM -- 7.8 Technical Strategies to Combat Insecticide Resistance -- 7.8.1 Searching and Characterizing New and Novel Insecticide -- 7.8.2 Amending Biocontrol -- 7.8.3 Exploring Novel Insect Pest Resistant Varieties -- 7.8.3.1 Plant Immunity and Insect Resistance -- 7.8.4 Combining Known Insecticides in Appropriate Proportion.

7.8.5 Modifying Known Insecticidal Toxins -- 7.9 Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 8 Agricultural Herbicides and Fungi in Soil Exposed to Herbicides -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General Aspects of Main Herbicides -- 8.2.1 Clodinafop Propargyl -- 8.2.2 Toxicity of CF -- 8.2.3 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid -- 8.2.3.1 Toxicity of 2,4‐D -- 8.2.4 Glyphosate -- 8.2.4.1 Toxicity of GP -- 8.2.5 Atrazine -- 8.2.5.1 Toxicity of Atrazine -- 8.2.6 Metolachlor -- 8.2.6.1 Toxicity of Metolachlor -- 8.2.7 Diuron -- 8.2.7.1 Toxicity of Diuron -- 8.2.8 Imazapyr -- 8.2.8.1 Toxicity of Imazapyr -- 8.2.9 Pendimethalin -- 8.2.9.1 Toxicity of Pendimethalin -- 8.2.10 Paraquat -- 8.2.10.1 Toxicity of PQ -- 8.3 Biodegradation of Most‐Used Herbicides by Fungi -- 8.3.1 2,4‐D Degradation -- 8.3.2 Atrazine Degradation -- 8.3.3 Metolachlor Degradation -- 8.4 Effect of Herbicides on Fungi -- 8.4.1 Glyphosate -- 8.4.2 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid and Others Herbicides -- 8.5 Effect of Herbicides on Toxicogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Production -- 8.6 Effect of Herbicides on Phytopathogen Fungi -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Pesticides Usage, Uptake and Mode of Action in Plants with Special Emphasis on Photosynthetic Characteristics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Usage and Requirement of Pesticides on Plants -- 9.1.1.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) -- 9.1.1.2 Cultural Control -- 9.1.1.3 Mechanical Control -- 9.1.1.4 Biological Control -- 9.1.1.5 Genetic Control -- 9.1.1.6 Chemical Control -- 9.1.2 Generalized Mode of Action and Uptake of Pesticides in Plants -- 9.2 Effects of Pesticides on the Physiological Characteristics of the Plants -- 9.2.1 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Affected by the Pesticides -- 9.2.2 Pesticides Affect Chlorophyll Content in the Plants -- 9.2.3 Effect of Pesticides on Photosynthesis.

9.2.4 Effects of Pesticides on Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration and Dark Respiration -- 9.3 Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Pesticides -- 9.3.1 Beneficial Effects -- 9.3.2 Detrimental Effects -- 9.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Botanical Pesticides for Eco‐Friendly Pest Management: Drawbacks and Limitations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Overview of Botanical Pesticides -- 10.3 Drawbacks and Limitations -- 10.4 Quality of Raw Material -- 10.5 Product Standardization -- 10.6 Rapid Degradation -- 10.7 Short Shelf‐Life -- 10.8 Raw Material Availability -- 10.9 Safety of Botanical Pesticides -- 10.10 Regulatory Approval -- 10.11 Future Perspectives -- 10.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Pesticide Interactions with Foodstuffs: Case Study of Apple -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Apple Biology -- 11.2.1 General Botanical Presentation -- 11.2.2 Plant Structural Biochemistry -- 11.2.3 Chemical Composition of the Tissues of the Fruit of Malus domestica Borkh -- 11.3 Pesticide Inputs -- 11.3.1 Chemical Composition of Pesticides -- 11.3.1.1 Active Molecules -- 11.3.1.2 Surfactants -- 11.3.1.3 Other Additives -- 11.3.2 Identification of Pesticides Currently Used in French Apple Orchards -- 11.4 Pesticide‐Fruit Interactions -- 11.4.1 Epidermis Structure and Function in Apple -- 11.4.2 Two Diffusion Pathways in the Cuticle -- 11.4.3 Study of the Interactions Between Pesticides and Cuticle -- 11.4.3.1 Membrane Transport Mechanism for the Active Molecules of Pesticides -- 11.4.3.2 Cuticular Membrane Permeability -- 11.4.3.3 Identification of the Chemical Compounds of the Cuticle Interacting with Pesticides -- 11.4.4 Identification of Factors Likely to Influence Pesticide‐Cuticule Interactions -- 11.4.4.1 Pesticide Formulations -- 11.4.4.2 Environmental Conditions.

11.4.4.3 Pesticide Molecule Degradation in Plants: New Interactions.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.