Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section I: General -- 1: Clinical Pharmacology -- Introduction -- Pharmacokinetics -- Pharmacodynamics -- Inhalant Anesthetics -- Physics of Gases and Vapors -- Control of the Partial Pressure of Delivered Anesthetic -- Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) -- General Pharmacological Actions of Inhalant Anesthetics -- Clinically Useful Inhalant Anesthetics -- Injectable Anesthetics -- Barbiturates -- Propofol -- Dissociative Anesthetics -- Miscellaneous Anesthetics -- Opioids -- Opioid Receptors -- Endogenous Opioid Receptor Ligands -- Opioid Receptor Signaling and Mechanisms of Analgesia -- Opioid Receptor Distribution and Therapeutic Implications -- Adverse Effects of Clinically Used Opioids -- Opioid Agonists -- Opioid Agonist-Antagonists and Partial Agonists -- Opioid Antagonists -- Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories -- The Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandin Synthesis -- The NSAIDs and Mechanisms of Analgesia -- The NSAIDs and Fever -- The NSAIDs and Endogenous Antiinflammatory Mechanisms -- Other Pharmacologic Considerations for NSAID Use -- Contraindications for NSAIDs -- NSAIDs used in Veterinary Medicine -- NSAIDs Not Approved for Use in Veterinary Medicine (Off-Label Use) -- Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists -- Introduction -- Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist Effects -- Specific Drugs -- Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists -- Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones -- Introduction -- References -- 2: Monitoring -- Introduction -- Monitoring Basics -- Why Is Monitoring Important? -- What Should be Monitored? -- Monitoring the Respiratory System -- Pulse Oximetery -- Capnography -- Monitoring the Cardiovascular System -- Blood Pressure -- References -- 3: Airway Management -- Introduction -- General Principles of Airway Management.

Signs of Airway Obstruction -- Approaches to Airway Management -- Unsupported Airway -- Awake Intubation -- Intubation Following Induction -- Planning Airway Management -- Maintenance of the Airway during Anesthesia -- Patient Positioning -- Supraglottic Airway Devices -- Infraglottic Devices -- Subglottic Devices -- Aids to Tracheal Intubation -- Laryngoscope -- Optical Stylets -- Flexible Endoscopes -- Bougies and Stylets -- Gags and Ropes -- Methods of Tracheal Intubation -- Direct Visualization -- Blind Intubation -- Palpation Intubation -- Retrograde Intubation -- Confirmation of Tracheal Intubation -- Extubation -- Airway Idiopathic Trauma -- Cleaning and Disinfection -- References -- 4: Thermoregulation -- Monitoring Body Temperature -- Hypothermia -- Perioperative Heat Loss -- Consequences of Hypothermia -- Perioperative Hypothermia: Prevention and Treatment -- Hyperthermia -- References -- 5: Oxygen Therapy -- Why O2? -- Hypoxemia and Hypoxia -- What Causes Hypoxemia? -- What Causes Hypoxia? -- Oxygen Sources -- High Pressure Oxygen Cylinders -- Portable Oxygen Concentrators -- Liquid Oxygen Containers -- Methods of Administering Oxygen -- Intranasal Oxygen -- Flow-by Oxygen -- Intra/Transtracheal Oxygen -- Humidification or Not? -- Detection of Hypoxemia and Monitoring the Effects of Oxygen Therapy -- Clinical Signs of Hypoxemia and Efficacy of Oxygen Therapy -- Pulse Oximetry -- Arterial Blood Gas Analysis -- What Do Arterial Blood Gases Tell You? -- Blood Gas Reference Values -- Target PaO2 -- Discontinuing Oxygen Therapy -- What If Oxygen Therapy Fails? -- Common Misconceptions -- Oxygen Cylinder Use in Wildlife -- Ungulates -- Carnivores -- Portable Oxygen Concentrator Use in Wildlife -- Postanesthetic Effects of Hypoxemia -- Immobilization-Induced Hypoxemia and Recovery -- Oxygen Therapy during Recovery -- Oxygen Toxicity -- References.

6: Analgesia -- Introduction -- Physiology of Pain -- Ascending Nociceptive Pathways -- Antinociceptive Descending Pathways -- Principles of Pain Management -- Pain and Its Management in Vertebrate Species -- Fish -- Amphibians -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Pain in Invertebrates -- References -- 7: Physical Capture and Restraint -- Introduction -- Mammals -- Cervidae, Bovidae, and Antilocapridae (Artiodactylids) -- Canidae/Felidae -- Ursidae -- Mustelidae/Procyonidae/Viverridae -- Rodents and Lagomorphs -- Monotremes/Marsupials -- Primates -- Bats -- Suidae/Tapiridae/Tayassuidae -- Camelidae/Giraffidae -- Elephants -- Birds -- Ratites -- Waterfowl (Anatidae) and Wading Birds (Herons, Cranes, and Storks) -- Galliforms (Pheasant, Grouse, and Partridge) -- Hawks, Owls, and Falcons -- Passerines -- Psittacines -- Reptiles -- Lizards, Skinks, and Geckos -- Reptiles -- Turtles/Tortoises -- Amphibians -- References -- Webliography -- 8: Zoo and Wildlife CPR -- Introduction -- Objectives of CPCR -- Defining Basic and Advanced Life Support -- Cardiopulmonary Arrest (CPA) and CPCR: Strategy -- Confirm the Presence of an Arrest -- Pulmonary Arrest without Cardiac Arrest -- The Alphabet of an Arrest: A, B, C -- Arrests during Anesthesia -- Open-Chest or Internal Cardiac Massage -- Indications for Open-Chest CPCR -- Technique for Internal Cardiac Massage -- The Alphabet of an Arrest: D, E, F -- Drugs -- Routes of CPCR Drug Administration -- Electrocardiogram -- Fluids -- Monitoring Efficacy of CPCR -- Discontinuing CPCR -- Prognosis and Return of Spontaneous Circulation? -- References -- 9: Field Emergencies and Complications -- Introduction -- Precapture Considerations -- Planning -- Situation -- Terrain -- Weather -- Target Species -- Emergency Equipment -- Immobilizing Drugs -- Capture Techniques -- Helicopter Safety.

Animal Safety Considerations for Remote Drug Delivery Equipment -- Complications -- Stress -- Induction -- Initial Assessment -- Anesthetic Depth and Arousal -- Respiratory Depression and Hypoxemia -- Hyperthermia -- Hypothermia -- Vomiting and Regurgitation -- Bloat -- Trauma -- Pneumothorax -- Myopathy -- Recovery -- Mortalities -- Euthanasia -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: Euthanasia -- Introduction -- Considerations for Wildlife and Zoo Species -- Methods -- Assessing Death -- Specific Recommendations -- Summary -- References -- 11: Remote Drug Delivery -- Introduction -- Direct Delivery for Cooperative Animals -- Training for Direct Drug Administration -- Manual Drug Delivery Routes for Cooperative Animals -- Remote Delivery Systems for Uncooperative Animals -- Historical Development of Remote Delivery Systems -- Dart Types -- Remote Delivery Projectors -- Darting Accessories -- Cleaning and Reusing Darts -- Drug delivery Problems -- Human Safety Concerns during Darting Procedures -- Conclusions -- References -- 12: Capture Myopathy -- Introduction -- History -- The Human Comparative -- Etiology -- Predisposing Factors -- Species -- Environment -- Capture Related -- Other Diseases -- Nutrition -- Drugs -- Signalment -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical and Pathological Syndromes -- Capture Shock Syndrome -- Ataxic Myoglobinuric Syndrome -- Ruptured Muscle Syndrome -- Delayed Peracute Syndrome -- Differential Diagnoses -- Treatment -- Analgesia -- Dantrolene -- Muscle Relaxants -- Dietary Supplements -- Hyperbaric Oxygen -- Sodium Bicarbonate -- Fluid Therapy -- Nutritional Support -- Physical Therapy -- Prevention -- Conclusions -- References -- 13: Human Safety during Wildlife Capture -- Introduction -- Risks to Human Safety during Wildlife Capture and Handling -- Hazard Assessment -- Environmental Risks -- Equipment Related Risks.

Animal-Related Risks -- Drug-Related Risks -- Emergency Preparedness -- Preimmobilization Plan -- Emergency Response Protocol -- Consultation with Medical Professionals -- References -- Section II: Invertebrates, Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians -- 14: Invertebrates -- Introduction -- Taxonomic Groups -- Mollusks -- Arachnida -- Crustaceans -- Insects -- Echinoderms -- Pain Management -- Euthanasia -- References -- 15: Bony Fish (Lungfish, Sturgeon, and Teleosts) -- Introduction -- Stress and Anesthesia -- Taxonomy, Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior -- Respiration -- Metabolism -- Integument -- Size -- Environmental and Other Factors -- Temperature -- pH -- Nitrogenous Compounds -- Drug Concentration or Dosage -- Drug Exposure Time -- Vascular Access -- Immobilization Methods and Techniques -- Manual Restraint -- Operant Conditioning -- General Suggestions for Anesthesia -- Preanesthetic Preparations -- Immersion (Inhalant) Anesthesia -- Parenteral Anesthesia -- Monitoring -- Anesthetic Depth -- Cardiopulmonary -- Water Quality -- Recovery -- Resuscitation -- Anesthetic Drugs -- General Comments -- Inhalant (Waterborne or Immersion) Drugs -- Oral Anesthetics -- Injectable Anesthetics -- Nonchemical Anesthesia -- Analgesia -- Euthanasia -- Field Immobilization -- Postanesthetic Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16: Elasmobranchs and Holocephalans -- Introduction -- Anatomy and Physiology -- Capture -- Physical Restraint -- Vascular Access -- Preanesthetic Considerations -- Chemical Immobilization -- Immersion (Inhalation) Anesthesia -- 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) -- Injectable Anesthesia -- Injectable Anesthetics -- Injectable Anesthetic Combinations -- Oral (PO) -- Nonspecific "Reversal" Drugs -- Monitoring -- Recovery Considerations and Postanesthetic Challenges -- Field Immobilization -- Euthanasia -- Acknowledgments -- References.

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